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O. Heer see Back

p 4 Prof Johnston thought that there was Peat-bed at Madeira, so colder climate (No p 15)

p 7/7 Plants out of 27 fossil kinds extinct. Rest same as existing.

p 7 Several rare plants mentioned at Madeira (which might easily be exterminated)

p 9 Tertiary European plants nearer to Atlantic Isld. plants.

p 12 The land shell which makes up mass of Limestone is extinct. (I shd think generally isld wd have older creatures, not extinguished by so great a struggle)

p 14 a Lapoceros inhabited Madeira during the Diluvian time (Genus of Curculio)

p 14 A Clethra inhabited isld at time of fossil [plant]

p. 14. The fossil land shells have a sylvan character.

p 16 706 phanerogams of which 65 certainly introduced; but in addition there are 162 weeds of cultivated ground & roads, which he thinks cannot be aborigines = 65 + 162 = 327 ie nearly half!!

p 17 So that of Phanerogams & with Ferns there are 527

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Dr. Oswald Heer Ueber die fossilen Pflanzen von Madeira aus XV. Band neuen Denkschrift. der Allgem. Schweizerischen Gesellschaft &c. (1855)

[Ueber die fossilen Pflanzen von S. Jorge in Madeira von Dr. Oswald Heer. Im XV. Band der neuen Denkschriften der allgemeinen schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften.]

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species endemic of which 85 exclusively Madeira

6 Madeira & P Santo exclusive}

40 Madeira & Canary Isd}

9 only Madeira & Azores}

12 kinds only Madeira Canaries & Azores}

2 Madeira, Canaries & P Santo} [total] 69

Excluding P. Santo plants not mentioned p 185 endemic

Figure wonderfully different frm Lowe

So altogether 154 Atlantic plant = 1/3 -1/4 of whole Flora (introduced excepted)

Of the 373 non endemic - 4 with forms common to America; & to Africa 7.

Of the 357 common to Europe, 222 not [found] in other (18) parts of world; of the other 135 European plants, 78 in N. Africa - 22 Cosmopolite chiefly water & marsh plants. Flora has more European than African & has about equal number strictly endemic & common to other Atlantic islds

Other Atlantic isld have about same proportion of Endemic & European - in P. Santo 24 European Beach Plants not in Madeira because no beach there & P. Santo only 5 endemic

But now no trees, vegetation destroyed by Fire

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17

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p 19 In Seubert list - The Azores has 400 of which

50 endemic}

23 Atlantic} 73/400 has 1/5 & 1/6 only Atlantic

316 Europe

5 Afrika

6 America

Poor vegetation compared with Madeira

p 19* Saxifraga maderensis of Lowe common to Pico Fracho on P. Santo, & on N. Mountain of Madeira

p 19. Canary isld larger & higher & has 1009 plants

278 Endemic with Atlantic = 1/3 & 1/4

25 Africa

nearly all other European - Hence here European plants also predominate.

African type most on Lanzerote & Fuertaventura, which are nearest to coast of Africa & climate most like

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p 20 In all Atlantic isld European species prevail frm 2/3 to 3/4, & generally same European species on all. They have all from 1/3 to 1/5 of Atlantic endemic species, which are least numerous in N. & most in S. islands - Though not many atlantic species in common; but of these those that give chief character to Landscape, of forest are in common: (ie some of the commonest tree) Beside these many representative species, which indicate a common starting point of the Flora. In Diluvial time the Flora more in common, now Madeira much more related to Canary than to Azores.

I can understand European character by glacial epoch & northern currents - Why more endemic in S. than in North Great anomaly on any means of diffusion no not on Heers theory Northern species wd be more exposed to new conditions & new associates in the South.

[illeg] says generally that miocene plants are all different from its parent.

p 22 miocene Beds at Madeira P. Santo & Azores.

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p 22 says Forbes Miocene Land, must have been a Diluvial Land, for plants all distinct at Miocene age - The Mediterranean species [found] on Atlantic islds. are the European & not African species, & infers that formerly, as now, separated frm Africa

(Unger Geschichte der Pflanzenwelt p. 259 Tertiary Flora of Iceland.) Thinks an indented land stretched frm W. Europe to E. America & N. to Iceland

& S. to Atlantic islds, & thus many difficulties explained. This land lasted to end of Tertiary period. How then so much distinctness of temper species?

p 23 Thus we shd understand how European Tertiary

 Flora has so many forms like American & the Atlantic isld a vegetation like Tertiary.

(Could the Clethra be a remnant of the American Flora)

Repeat Flora much less African than Eurpean –

Says besides Cryptogams, there are endemic species of