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(1) Horticultural Transactions Volume I 19

p. 23 The Zizania Aquatica an annual was not hardened to this climate according to Sir. J. Banks for 14 generations gradually becoming stronger till at last it bore perfectly one uncongenial summer

p. 23 a Passion flower flowered a month sooner if raised from seedling, than if grown from roots from Virginia

p 23 The same laurels are now growing, as those imported by Master Cole in 1679 for they are propagated by cuttings &c &c & not by seeds

p 31 Mr Knight says a plant habituated to our climate will vegetate in a stove whilst plant of same species & sprung from cutting of same original stocks, accustomed to the temperature will remain lifeless. - so would it be with two plants of same species brought into our country from other country.

p 33 The Scotch farmer prefers seeds of Barley grown on sandy soil & warmest parts of England; & Mr Knight. has found some

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(2) wheat, he cultivated on high & cold ground ripened much earlier, when raised from seed procured from a warm district, a few miles distant, than when come from vicinity.

p. 34 Mr. K thinks when blossoms fecundated by pollen of other apple tree, thinks growth of seedling an increased vigour & luxuriance

p. 35 In crossing Siberian Crabs & Apples Mr K found some of the new varieties taking after the male & others after the female. Could obtain a better copy of a fruit in some fruits (especially golden Pippin) by crossing with its pollen other apple than by sowing its own seed. This is as if purpose of pointer into bull-dog more resembled pointer, than offspring of two pointers!!

p. 38 New varieties are better obtained by crossing than by sowing own seed

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(3) p 38 Thinks fruit generally takes (with some exceptions) after the female parent

57 Mr K "experience has sufficiently proved that every variety, when it has long been propagated, loses gradually some of those good qualities which it possessed in its earlier stages"

62 Mr K. is thoroughly convinced that the graft derives only nourishment & not growth from stock (this seems evinced by grafts & buds? bearing at once when grafted on young stocks

not seen in walnuts & mulberry which do not bear for long). I thought evidence only rested on Golden Pippin story.

p. 88 Mr Salisbury quotes M. [Thorin], who says the Marvels of Peru were very tender when first introduced are now become very hardy

p. 90 There are three species of Dahlias. a vast number of varieties appear to have come from D. sambucifolia.

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(4) p 105 Mr Salisbury says Linnaeus thought cross resembled its father in stem & leaves & mother in fruit & flowers.

p. 103 gives account of nectarines appearing on branch of Peach trees; same kind of fact as Mr Herberts case of cross Cystus throwing out one branch like one of its parents. p. 116 "Hints respecting raising Early purple Broccoli by Mr. J. Maher" says many hope to procure white ones by "patience & perseverance in selecting the largest & whitest specimens of the common Broccoli for seed." very difficult "for out of a great number of plants set apart for seed, perhaps not even one may answer our wishes, & if a brisk gale of wind or wandering bees, bring the pollen of any other variety to these flowers, the progeny 99 instances out of a 100 will be deteriorated instead of improved & in no case prove the identical variety sown."

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(5) p. 119 "the plants intended for seed, should not only be placed in a part of the garden, remote from every other variety of the Cabbage tribe, but that no plant of any variety should be suffered to accidentally to show even a flower in the garden; & this business when two or three hot days in the months of May & June often produce the effects of apparent enchantment by suddenly bringing Radishes Turnips Borecole Cabbages Sea-Kale & Cauliflowers requires very strict attention on the part of the gardener."

166 Mr. K on new varieties of Peach "the most perfect & vigorous offspring will be obtained, of plants as of animals, when the male & female parent are not closely related to each other p. 168 Some cross peach trees, were very different even those raised from the same stone  p. 168 Believes that crossing from hot-house peaches will make cross early - now we see this tendency to be early is acquired during life time of plant, & is transmitted, even when hybridised.

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(6) p. 179 Mr K. "the fruit of seedling Pears generally bears a considerable resemblance to that of their parent trees"

179. "I have more than once succeeded in combining the hardiness & vigour of the siberian crab with the richness of the golden Pippin" what a union!182. Mr K. in the many experiments he has made with this object "I have observed in fruits with few exceptions a strong prevalence of the constitution & habits of the female parents."

p. 227 Mr K two varieties of apple mentioned which have sprung from seeds of same apple

p. 274 Mr Salisbury on Rare Plants: it appears that to procure seeds from Strelitzia regalis, the pollen must be

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(7) kept dry in paper & applied to the stigma when ready & the pollen of another & later flower must be used. Hence in one sense monoecious - seeing in Plants & Molluscous animals so many varieties yet all allowing of intermarriage one is strongly tempted without further proof to believe it is part of object.

Volume 2d

p. 4 A walnut is considered to have flowered extraordinary soon in six years

p. 60 The French call Nectarine a smooth Peach - certainly same - the appearance of nectarines on branches of Peach trees analogous to production of cowslips from primroses with no intermediate gradations.

p. 138 Mr K. says Cherry sports more than any other trees so varieties are worn out "are everywhere in state of decay"

p. 160 Mr K. says tree of Yellow Magnum Bonum 40 years

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(8) old had always borne ordinary fruit produced a branch yielding Red Magnum Bonum. Also he had a My Duke Cherry one branch of which (certainly not grafted) always produce more oblong fruit & later than the other branches. The Green-gale golden Pippin & non-pareil have sported considerably by being often grafted. "few if any varieties of fruit can with [illeg] propriety be called permanent when propagated by buds or grafts."

p. 160 (so that propagation by seed merely exposes the plant to external influences more completely, than it is exposed during life -no doubt these changes during life might be propagated.

p. 163 Sir J. Banks states on describing its first appearance on authority of Mr Lee that the Aphis that "they were more detrimental to the Crab-stocks than to the apple trees & that they do not attack the pear"

(NB. shows varieties so change nature as to alter them with respect to their adaptation to insects)

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(9) p. 203 Mr K. "On the effects of Different kinds of Stocks in Grafting" "When a stock of the same species with the graft in bud, but of a variety far less changed by cultivation is employed its effects are very nearly allied to those produced by a stock of another species or genus: the graft generally overgrows it stocks, but the form & durability of the two are generally less affected, than by a stock of a different species or genus."

(Here we see variation producing on the innermost constitution same effect as real specific variation: when species are fertile litters of the same character??? &c &c to show how truly similar)

p. 216 Mr K "Good new varieties of the Peach are I believe very obtainable from seeds for I have never raised a single variety which was not tolerably good" (ie all somewhat like parent Peach & not Almond tree) & Peach old variety easily raised by seed.

p 242 "Mr Hare on Moss-Roses" Gives account of origin of Moss Rose de Meaux

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(10) A branch thus characterized suddenly appeared on common Rose de Meaux

Also has known offsets of Double & highly coloured Belladonna - produce semidouble & almost single ones pure white "while suckers of the semi-double white have been known to produce the Belladonna perfectly characterized & shoots of the common Moss Rose to produce unmossed flowers." The Moss becomes less on a common roses when changed. (These are all cases of extreme change which goes on according to Mr Knight in every grafted trees [insertion: (is not change sometimes insensible & so affecting buds & seeds - sometimes accumulates & affects them suddenly)] the change seems to accumulate in parent & to affect the offspring, even bud offspring in same sudden manner as it does by means of seeds but less suddenly. The above cases of rose quite analogous to Nectarine & Peach on one branch - to Camellias reverting to single kind, as believed by Chinese

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(11) According to Herbert & to cases of hybrid Cystus of Herbert.

p. 252 Mr K. allows even life of annual might be prolonged for vast period though not for eternity - the roots appear younger than the branches or more vigorous.

257 Mr Sabine says great caution is necessary in the production of the fruit of Gourd "if any other kind has been grown in the neighbourhood no reliance can be placed on the goodness of its seeds, for like all others of the tribe under such circumstances it will sport into varieties without end." (Now even should it be proved that pollen of wild or other species affects in preternatural degree artificial varieties yet these facts clearly show to how great a degree the pollen of one flower gains access to another)

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(12) Volume III

p. 1 Mr Knight account of peach produced by impregnating Almond with pollen of a Peach fruit very like peaches here is case of more varied plant affecting offspring in greater degree the almond was sweet almond in that not perhaps new variety. Peaches first known in Europe about Claudius reign - Pliny has given accurate description of them (as they are easily raised by seed & variety somewhat same 1800 years since hence it is Mr K. in other part states that all seedling peaches are serviceable) are the almond & Peach same species?

p. 162 Mr Ronalds on Brocoli says the Green Cape or Autumn Brocoli & Purple Cape (imported from Cape of Good Hope?) "are very sportive," now into each other & degenerate yet quite distinct." The greatest care should be taken in saving the seeds from plants which are perfectly true. This remark applies generally to all the sorts" But apparently more especially to these sportive kinds.

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(13) vol III

p. 171 Sir O. Mosley "Description of Corcus laricis or Mealy insect infests the Larch" Many larch firs were first infested by this insect but has of late years deserted in some measure the Larch & attached itself to the Weymouth pine & Silver Fir - Afterwards they migrated to a Cedar of Lebanon.

p. 173. Mr Hedges experiments on changes of colour in Hydrangea Hortensis. He found the light brick earth from Hampstead Heath always turned the red flowers of the H. into blue

the next year if put in garden compost they would turn red again & again returned - no cause could be discovered in nature of soil. Bog-soil will sometimes effect it.

p. 190 "Mr Herbert on the treatment of Amaryllis longifolia" I have raised several other curious mule plants & I have uniformly found

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(14) that the mule seeds which lay in the same capsules produce plants which have the same botanical distinctions from their parents"

p. 195 repeats same assertion after more experiments. [insertion: p. 196. do (the individuals of each new species being perfectly uniform) then hybrid crinums (between C. capense, C. erubescens c. scalerrimum, C govenium C. rubrescens) which I believe are fertile. (see Mr Herberts book) if so similar hybrids can breed & my view knocked on the head.

p. 199 "Mr. J. B. Van Mons on the cultivation of Brussel Sprouts" This plant has been much said to degenerate in soil of Brussels it remains true & at Louvain but at Malines (same distance from Brussels as Louvain) where greatest attention paid to growth of vegetable deviates from its character after first sowing (yet at Brussels grow in any soil, sandy or clayey fields or gardens) - true seeds sent to Malines

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(15) produced the sprouts in their true form: seeds from these being preserved gave plants "in which the Sprouts did not form little cabbages but were expanded; nor did they shoot again at the axils of the stem". Plant raised from them "only produced latent shoots with weak pendent leaves & tips similar to the shoots; so thus in 3 generations the entire character of the original was lost."

(NB the influence must be on plant in its life time) Seeds from the degenerated plant were sent back to Louvain & planted, the young retained their character throughout their growth; sowed their seed, the plants regained as much of its character, as it had lost in second generation: resown & in 3d generation not to be distinguished from the true kind: (this sudden assuming character analogous to primrose & cowslip case?) (very curious case showing effects of external conditions.

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(16) p. 209 Mr K. in giving list of new Strawberries mentions two varieties as having come from the same mongrel parentage

p. 212 Mr K. "The parentage of the Early Black Cherry is the same as that of the Black Eagle & Waterloo Cherries" (& very near resembles the last)

p. 225 Mr Sabine on the genus Dahlia (There are two species) "it seems as if some period of actual cultivation was required, before the fixed qualities of the native plant gave way & began to sport into those changes which now so much delight us". - innumerable the varieties of the superflower - doubts the hybridisation of the species.

p. 238 New varieties are to be obtained from seeds & these should be chosen from those plants whose colour & character are most likely to please. "Many of the seedlings will follow their parents, therefore all that are raised will not be new varieties"

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(17) vol III p. 267 "On a selection of apples by J. Sabine Esqr." Describes the Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil is a seedling of the Nonpareil "The wood & colour of the bark have a strong resemblance to its parent; but the extremity of the leaf is not so sharply pointed." There are simple non hereditary varieties semi permanent & other quite permanent varieties

p. 340 Mr Shepherd says having sown some seeds from a small undulated variety of Scolopendrium vulgare he found the fronds of the young plants as much undulated as those of the parent" so that Cryptogamic plants vary & are hereditary like others.

p. 358 Mr Gibbs has produced a great number of beautiful variations from the Cowslip; "yet none of the specimens appeared to have lost the general character & appearance of the Cowslip not running into the oxlip or Primrose, but some had become Hose in Hose". Henslow sowed Primrose?? not cowslip - No. V. p. 18

p. 378 Mr C. Strachan in his "Account of the different varieties of the Onion" says the

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(17a) Tree or Bulb-bearing onion was long commonly supposed to be a species but Mr Gawler in Botanical Magazine page 1635 plate 1469 has shewn origin to be the Allium cepa being cultivated in the gardens of Canada, the climate was too cold for it "to allow it to flower & seed freely & so became viviparous (bearing bulbs instead of flowers) & retained its habit when brought here." (good case of origin of new variety also very curious)

p. 382 Mr J. Robertson in his classification of Peaches & Nectarines classes them according as they have glands to their leaves. "Both classes are strongly contradistinguished by a liability to same diseases & an exemption from others" the glandular are subject to blistered & monstrous leaves not [round] to mildew - the other class liable to the curl the leaves & tips of shoots to the

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(17b) mildew & attacks of aphides: this latter class is also more hardy. (Analogous to some races of man being subject to certain diseases whilst others are exempt).

p. 406. The seed of Impatiens Balsaminia should not be under three or 4 years old when sown. Mr Fairweather procured the best double flowers from some seeds 9 years old

p. 460 Mr K. "On the effects of high temperature on some plants" The Melon most luxuriant a profusion of buds, all of which perished abortively, not unfolding. Water-melon, grew with equal luxuriance all its flowers were male" This result did not surprise me for I had many years previously succeeded by long continued very low temperatures in making cucumber plants produce female flowers only & I entertain but little doubt, that the same fruit stalks might be made in this & the preceding species to support either male or female flowers in obedience to external causes". (As flowers are leaf-buds

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(17c) 19 metamorphosed, this fact is closely analogous to bees turning neuters into females by proper food CD) Fig tree grew with uncommon vigour but afforded no prospects of fruit. Guernsey Lilly - Flowers expanded beautifully, but their pollen never shed. It appears, therefore, "that the same degree of temperature which may permeate the growth & exuberant health of the plant may at the same time render it wholly unproductive of fruit or offspring". (Fact analogous to effect of ringing & stocks of other species for grafts: the fact of Temp. determine sex important with regard to Monoecious & Dioecious plants)

Appendix p. 23 "On the country where the Apricot grows wild" by M. Regnier "& it is remarkable fact that though it has now been extensively cultivated in most parts of Europe for many ages, it has never yet sprung up from seeds in any of our forests" (Case showing nice requisite adaptation)

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In the frames at Shrewsbury being very hot the Manchester Cucumber produced all female flowers. Seeds from same packet in cooler frame produced mixed males & females so much for Mr Knight!! 

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(18) Volume IV. Horticultural Transactions 19

p. 16 Mr Herbert "on the Production of Hybrid Vegetables" Thinks at early period there existed only genera - that diversity of soil &c has made species, & that some of them retain sufficient affinity to cross whilst others have not (affinity is one element certainly: time another? constitution under head of affinity - now consider profoundly objection to this theory which supposes few original genera - In Australia & S. America what time shall they be assumed. - community of structure in genus.

p. 17 Chile Caroline & Scarlet Strawberries intermingle naturally without impregnation.

p. 18 Mr Knight has failed in producing crosses between the American, Europæan strawberries (some confusion): argues that plants so near as the Alpine & scarlet cannot be distinct from creation of the world & yet that all the African Gladioli have common parentage.

p. 18 has known the mule siskins couple with canary bird

p. 19 from seed of highly manured red cowslip, there came a primrose, cowslip, oxlips of usual & other colours a black polyanthus, a hose-in hose cowslip, natural primrose of polyanthus stalk - From the seed of that hose-in hose cowslip - have since raised hose in hose primrose. He has raised a powdered Auricula & a Primula Helvetica from a P nivalis & P. helvetica also from P. Viscosa; I therefore esteem these Swiss Primulas as local varieties

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(20) Viola grandiflora is found all yellow in Craven without any yellow in Durham & mixed in Weardale a dark purple plant from Teesdale once produced in my garden dirty purple & yellow flower. (How curious these facts showing that constitution is such, (perhaps in the case of primrose from the plants having varied from one to another form) that changes in conditions produce sudden & whole changes in species & therefore that every organs or part cannot vary without limit

p. 21 Mr H. doubts the possibility of crossing Alpine Rhododendrons with those of Portus India & America & yet Azaleas & Rhododendrons cross with perfect ease. This supposed repugnance (common to strawberries) between plants of different constitution accords with Mr H's law & helps to explain production of alpine species.

p. 23 all the mules of Gladioli have proved exceedingly fertile - but the Europæan Gladioli with winged seeds have refused to breed with the African.

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(21) on the other hand Crinium Govenium is this mule (vol III. p. 187) is quite barren with its own & other pollen yet produces pollen.

p. 24 the pure-bred American Azaleas are frequently deficient in pollen in this country.

p. 25 both Mr K. & H. think that pollen of two varieties of Crinium & Cabbage have influenced offspring. (after Ld. Moretons case no wonder) & in Crinium the second impregnation was several days after first - thinks this question doubtful.

p 26 Has failed in making hybrids Convolvulus Hibiscus & Turnera - attributes it to not catching the right moment.

p. 27 believes it error to think dry pollen always retains its fertilizing power.

p. 27 In attempting to fecundate English with African heaths failed from former shedding pollen before flower opened (yet in letter denies that they must be strictly monoecious) on other Hand African tubular Heaths do not shed their pollen unless their anthers are touched by proboscis of strong insect - hence made mules without removing anthers.

p. 28 all the mules (between heaths) of similar impregnation are like each other & would be considered new species

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(22) Thinks the easy crossing of the Heaths in Africa explains the number of species. (? the converse) and the difficulty of Europæan ones their unalterable character.

(The many species of Gladioli Heaths Antelopes & Rhinoceros remarkable in S. Africa) The African heaths are said to be very local. Mr Herbert must here presuppose several species which I presume in accordance to beginning of paper he would consider local varieties. Surely the production of these would not be facilitated by crossing but the reverse.

p. 30 the Pancratium triflorum though apparently indigenous in Bengal has not been known to ripen its seeds there - suppose it native of shady hills to the north & that its seeds are washed down by the floods - Mr Herbert succeeded in flowering it by keeping it very shady.

p. 31 Pancratium amboinensis never produces seeds at Calcutta but Dr Roxburgh had once seen it (where not stated) It produced seed, however at Ld. Milton's instead of real seeds had produced real tunicated bulbs - Considers this first case in animal & vegetable kingdom (p. 33) of embryo drawng its support from parent without cotyledon. There is, however an Oxalis of the C. of Good Hope is viviparous but the young germ here has cotyledon - this therefore amounts

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(23) Hort. Transact. Vol: 4 1822

only to premature vegetation: now it is highly important to know whether the grasses come under this head & the onion: for if so as far as my theory is concerned make no difference – I presume it will turn out bulbs without flowers & of course without seed-coats.

p. 36 Thinks it pretty evident that different kinds of dust can act upon one capsule. (is the case of a bitch producing puppies some like father & some like mother considered sufficiently?)

p. 40 Thinks it exceedingly improbable that mule plants should revert to their female parent as supposed - thinks such when produced effect of fresh pollen

p. 41 Mules are not often naturally produced except in gardens because he says all possible ones must long since have been produced - Only sterile mule Mr H. has heard of is Centaurea hybrida upon a hill near Turin, where it is supposed to be produced to be produced by the crossing of two Centaurea & bears no seed itself (Is Centaurea annual: if so will show frequency of dust carried.

Ranunculus Lacemus also sterile produced at Grenoble as I understand passage in Garden.

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(24) p. 43 From the same cell in capsule of Amaryllis equestre-villata impregnated by itself & A. rutila & fulgida one plant came like itself, & then others like either A. fulgida or A. rutila

p. 44 A. reginae-villata a mule flowered at the age of three years & a half which is intermediate between the flowering ages of its parents.

p. 47 to Enumerates many mules between Gladioli & Amaryllis Crinium - our Pancratium - Rhododendron

p. 45 Has one produced accidentally between white-flowered Azalea & R. Ponticum - dust of Rhododendrons is often carried by the wind to great distances - mules between Œnotheras (so that he can hit right moment though he doubts whether moths would!)

p. 46 Many species of Pelargonium "are known to intermix freely, & can scarcely be kept distinct in their generation"

p. 46 says he has Australia Goodia which he has called intermedia so exactly between G. latifolia & G

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(25) pubescens (& similarly with a Gladiolus) now if this be their origin, how comes it that there is not every intermediate form between G. intermedia & both parents for they were once present in order to produce the mule. This argument quite destroys I think the hybrid origin of most species without some cause of fixing characters be superadded.

p. 48 Thinks the anthers go after male & stigma after female when these organs are differnt in parent species - thinks variable according as male & female parent is apt to sport - in genera Crinium & Amaryllis the bulb of the mule & lower part of leaves appears to take after male & in Gladiolus, the sheath enclosing bottom of leaves do.

[in margin:] This is against Mr Walker

p. 68 Mr G Lindley's account of the Apples cultivated in Norfolk says "there is something very

peculiar in the nature of this tree (winter Majesties): the white mealy insect has many years infested the bottom of the bottom of the trunk of an old tree of the kind in Norwich, below where it is grafted but it never has been observed upon any other part although all the

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(26) trees in the same garden have been quite pestered with it." Curious in showing variation producing change in relation to insect world, analogous to real species

p. 137 Branch was exhibited with the Flower of Moss Rose & common Provence Rose growing together: this circumstance is known to have happened before - moss-rose undoubtedly variety of Provence Rose – (Here we have sudden variety, like cowslip & primrose & in which one certainly has not long remained wild - probably not all intermediate stages but it should be known whether the Provence Rose produces the moss Rose or vice versa for in latter case it is explicable on reversion to original form.

p. 141 Mr Swayne sent seedling apples, the produce of tree havng somewhat character of Pearmain, from a seed of which it was produced.

The centre branches are erect but the side ones so pendant as to place it amongst the trees with weeping branches blossoms remarkable in having bright crimson tinge. Variety suddenly produced. Monster

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(26) Hort. Transact. Vol IV

p. 218 case of seedling golden pippin from old Golden Pippin

p. 261 Mr Sabine in his account of Passiflora cœruleo-racemosa, thinks when all the seedlings shall have flowered, shall be obliged to resort to further means of distinguishing them "for of the six remaining plants which have not yet blossomed; though one seems to correspond with that now under notice yet each of the other five have such differences as indicate a probability of their being distinct" Here is good case of dissimilarity in Hybrid.

p. 266 on ditto -the resemblance to the female parent generally preponderates, though much character intermediate - there are a few points in which the male has stamped its likeness distinctly - there are appearances different also from either

p. 285 Mr Sabine on double Roses - in 1793 wild Scotch Roses were transplanted into Garden; "one of these bore flowers slightly red from which a plant was raised whose flower exhibited a monstrosity, appearing as if one or two flower came from one bud which was a little tinged

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(27) with red, these produced seed from which some semi-double flowers were obtained & by continuing a selection of seed, & thus raising new Plant in 1802 & 1803 had eight good double varieties to dispose of (9 & 10 years) (This is case somewhat like that of the Dahlias - the parent plant seems to accumulate the power of change, which accounts for the sudden formation of varieties]. Vol IV

p 288 Mr Sabine says there are four distinct kinds of double white Scotch roses - Of the double yellow two &c &c 3d sect Double Blush Scotch Roses, forming genera & subgenera. Now no one doubts that that these are all descendants of the Scotch rose - so analogy would lead one to extend view to real species - No doubt when the groups are made very small, a descendant from one stock may take character of another & in species belonging to two genera, it is will be often doubtful which is parent form in large series of species

p. 289 Whitby's double white was raised from the seed of the small double white: now there are two

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(28) Hort. Transact. Vol IV

of the four species of the subgenus. Double white scotch rose. Hence we see that all the species of a genus may not descend from one father but from each other - so that genus means probably, in fact family brothers fathers, cousins &c &c Turritella has existed from Cambrian to present time yet may have given off many genera

Mr Sabine goes on to say next section is Double Red Scotch Roses. "of these there are many, as in the other sections with slight shades of difference but I make only three distinct varieties." Now this would apply to many genera - varieties have rather more - Types can often be picked out of such subgenera

p. 301 a table is given of the True Double Scotch Roses having one character consisting of eight sections 26 varieties - These have been produced in the course of less than twenty years. (Now it may be asked what circumstances have caused this: new external conditions & selection - selection infers this, rejection of half bred forms. (the prevention of crosses? if not & I suspect not it shows that selection (by doubt must be great agent in nature: think well over this.

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(29) intermarriage may be only the great means to prevent too much variation where there exists great tendency to vary. (yet I must suspect the dioecious character of all plants from hurtful tendency of intermarriage)

p 318 Mr Anderson impregnated a green fleshed melon with pollens of scarlet fleshed do & in two of the fruit "a very sensible change was perceptible: the other four were somewhat altered both internally & externally - The seeds of the two first were saved & produced the variety exhibited partaking of good property of both parents." & it has continued true & a distinct kind ever since reproducing itself from seed." Vol IV.

p. 369 Mr Knight observations on Hybrids speaking of the mule-peach & almond - states that it produces little or no pollen & suspects that although the true has borne well subsequently it was fertilized by neighbouring nectarines - a second year had no pollen but produced fruit & perfect seed as before

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(30) Hort. Transact Vol IV. 30

p. 370 In note states that hybrid from Sweet Almond

impregnated by Violet nectarine afforded for three years imperfect blossoms. These abundant pollen & well organized flowers - Beautiful step in hybridity.

p. 372 Mentions curious case of Hen mounted by woodpecker which had fertile offspring but this one (out of eleven eggs) had no comb & fleshy nostrils & whole profile of head exclusive of point of beak - looks like as if part impression had been produced.

p. 377 The Revd. W. Williamson On the Cultivation of the Ranunculus & Anemone says "a great majority of these roots were seedlings which I find are more able to endure hard weather than our older varieties.

p. 378 the seed from the partly double flowers more likely to produce either double or semidouble flowers than the seed from single ones.

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(31) p 379 The semi-double flowers I continue to bloom for several years for they may afterwards become double by skilful cultivation - Their flowers become double in two ways; first by the multiplication of their petals; such are obtained at once from seed & seldom or ever vary from what they were originally: secondly by the conversion of the stamina into petals; this is effected entirely by skilful culture; these latter are however liable to return to their original state without great attention

p. 381 year after year sowed anemone coronaria, but it was several years before I observed the least disposition in the seedlings to multiply their petals….at last raised that had one petal more than usual number" - sowed the seeds of these & by perseverance in the same course have now several varieties that have six or seven distinct rows of petals; & is confidents by continued selection shall be able to to produce semi-double & double Anemones with

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(32) Hort. Transact. Vol IV.

the same facility as Ranunculus. Better case than the Dahlia case.

Consider profoundly why semidouble flowers are not reared in nature owing to sudden change in quantity of nutriment?? is it that no one plant would occupy so rich ground many successive years; or that no ground would be rich for many years (places frequented by cattle) or would there be other species adapted to rich soil, whereas those are not which produce double-flowers or do crosses pull then back = no selection.

p. 410 Mr Braddick says that buds of Peach & Nectarine inserted into [branches] of productive trees will form fruit-bearing branches in the succeeding year." & the same with apples grafted close above fruit-bearing spur. Surely this is opposed to Mr Knight's views.

p. 456 Mr Sabine on the Ayrshire Rose Edinburgh. Phil. Mag. Vol. II p. 102 Mr Neill account of the Ayrshire Rose. Mr S. considers it deciduous & free growing variety of Rosa sempervirens, to which it has more affinity than to R. arvensis – (this difficulty & all similar cases as Humboldt of Bananas shows that the variety assume

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(33) specific characters. The Rosa arvensis has sported much, "but those I am now about to mention are not single productions, they are found growing wild in various places unconnected with each other" (Is not the genus Rosa an instance of one where nearly all the species run into each other: now if these do not cross readily, it will be probably the cause -yet heaths do not vary much

p. 487 Mr Hallet on the Cultivation of the American Cranberry "Dung is particularly injurious to the Cranberry; it absolutely destroys it, as I have proved by a variety of experiments, in which I found that all the plants completely failed which were planted in any compost of which garden mould or dung formed a part" Now here we have case, where the chief element of variation is poison

p. 500 quotes the (Botanical Register vol III. p 195) Mr Kerr says there that hybrids will revert to parent stock

p. 512 Mr Braddick sent specimens of the Flat peaches of China - appears like peach flattened, short diameter from stalk consist wholly of stone excepting the skin - whole surface of the eye roughly marked like the medlar

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p. 525 seedling non-pareil somewhat like parent fruit.

p 537 Mr B. Ker's account of the cultivation of the Water Cress- by Mr Bradbery. Mr B. conceives there are three sorts of water cress - varieties of Nasturtium officinale, this difference does not arise from quality of water; for they may be seen growing together, though Mr B. states that some are more fitted than others for particular water the green- leaved is easiest of cultivation, - small-brown-leaved the hardest, the large-brown leaved is the only sort he cultivates.; it is the only one which can be well grown when shallow water is not obtained - instances of variation in wild plant - noticed in Botanical works

p. 568 Hydrangea hortensis, according to Mr J. Busch will be turned blue by watering the young plant the summer before with alum water (See former paper on peculiar kinds of soil having this effect.

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(35) Vol V. Hort. T.

M. De. Candolle on different species of Brassica

p. 4 divides them into species, races, varieties & subvarieties.

p. 5 Thinks the wild cabbage has that form in the leaves which shoot from the sterile branches "giving to the wild plant the intermediate aspect between the two grand races, the Round-headed Cabbage & the Chevalier or Tall Cabbage, so that one may easily conceive it to have degenerated to both of them"

p. 6 leaves of wild cabbage become red on exposure to the sun & this colour is become permanent in some of the cultivated cabbages & "we shall find that most of the varieties of each race have subvarieties belonging to them, some green & some red, the difference of colour forming no essential part of their character." (analogical character)

p. 6 The wild flowers grow in panicle, where it is easy to imagine the possibility of increasing the natural disposition of the panicle to form a corymb, & this determines the character of the Cauliflower

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p. 12 M. D. has observed subvarieties of Brassica costata emit from the back of the primary ribs of leaves an appendage terminating in dilation at end forming a concave disk or funnel -This singularity recalled the organization of Nepenthes distillatoria, M. D. has given the name of nepenthiformis to this subvariety - should not be surprised if same subvariety occurred in other races. There is a plate - consider well with reference to such production as Nepenthes, shows not formed by infinitesimal variation & no adaptation no final cause (latter circumstance will perhaps be guide in knowing whether organ produced by infinitesimal variation)

p 17 Fifth Race of Chou Race or Turnip-cabbage the character of this race, it appears has been produced by crossing other races - & hence, though useful character is false one in natural arrangement - it is as if all birds with spurs were classed together.

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(37) p. 20 Of the sixth Race, contains Broccoli & Cauliflower (with their subvarieties) & these have probably sprung from two different races - so that this group is not natural. - Vol. 5

p. 39 Thinks many of the Cabbages described effect of accidental cross-breeds - The cultivated cabbage cannot be fecundated by other species, but its pollen has natural affinity to impregnate these same other species. I presume several of the cross-bred cabbages now are tolerably permanent. Restudy this paper highly important first reading M. Sagerets' remarks on Hybrid (p. 39). cabbages

p 63 Gives an account of fruit altered by pollen – quotes Bradley with respect to hazels & nuts & apples.

p 65 two very different (other similar cases advanced) apple trees growing alone to east had the apples on the adjoining sides resembling each other. (This would tend to show that pollen of one trees does not affect whole of adjoining tree, thus limiting the amount of natural crossing; but then we do not know whether one simple impregnation does thus impress character of fruit)

p. 68 Mr Knight says in the thousands of experiments he has

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tried the fruit was never altered: Mr Sabine [rejoins] the appearance was such that it shows that adjoining apple trees have some influence on each other - quotes case of melon (Hort. Transact. Vol. III p. 318) & mentions one of Amaryllis in which seed capsule was altered in form. Mr Sabine concludes that the determining circumstance which causes Pollen thus to act is unknown - Case of Digitalis by Koelreuter

p. 70 Mr Sabine describes three varieties of hybrid Passion flower (one of which was described vol IV. p 258) produced from same origin & same seed-vessel) - besides these three, the seven plants raised present some differences.

p. 73 the three varieties are not greater than what may be observed in seedlings of one species, but coming from only seven plants shows it is not ordinary sporting.

p 74 thinks no explanation is afforded by hypothesis that these seeds have come from different capsules.

p. 83 Mr Lindley's account of the Banana - references if I ever want to examine its nat. Hist.

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(39) p. 146 Mr Knight describes a Weeping Elm with very rapid & vigorous growth so as to exceed others seedling by 1/3 of size growing in similar situation - sprung from seedbed of elm - shows how curiously & suddenly & easily marked varieties are formed – (now I conceive such a plant would never be formed by nature because some other plant would have grown in the seedbed - weeds &c).

p 210 Mr Swayne states that apparently the stigma of Gansell pear become ready for impregnation before flowers open & anthers are ready - accordingly removed petals & placed flowers of other pears in paper envelopes which is his plan always for impregnation.

p. 212 suspects that vegetable impregnation may become of importance in Pears as in Cucumbers - early bean?? & Haut-bois.

p 234 Blue pea impregnated with yellow produced seeds of a yellowish white (like male parent) these sown. produced. some pods all blue, some all white & some mixed.

p. 237 a similar experiment made by Mr Leyton between the Dwarf imperials & pollen of white variety with not similar results for the 4 seeds took after female. These four seeds planted yielded plants partaking of characters

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of both parents, but the pods took after dwarf Imperial but the seeds, in them took either after grandfather or grandmother indiscriminately mixed & never had intermediate character

p. 272 Mr Knight found that the buds of the Flat peach of China to possess uncommon excitability (far more than any other variety) & then adds that excitability of habit is hereditary in the seedling offspring of plants & to be transferably by the pollen - (hence expected to get this character in some peach without the peculiar form of Chinese peach) important as showing a charcter transferable by male & female parent.

p. 292 Mr Knight says in an account of some mule plant "experiment has satisfied me, that not only the pollen of the alien species must be introduced at the proper period, but also that the natural pollens must be kept away not only at that precise period but generally for several succeeding days afterwards: also even under the most favourable circumstances I have never succeeded in obtaining mules unless the plant or a

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(41) considerable branch of a fruit tree has been reduced to the necessity of nourishing mule offspring or none. When the late blossoms on a fruit tree were suffered to remain, such branch either threw off the fruit [insertion: analogous to effects of Climate] which would have afforded mule plants, or the natural pollen was found to have been introduced by insects or winds & to have annihilated the operation of that obtained from the plant of another species." Now Mr Herbert has found that when an Amaryllis was impregnated by other species, these lived & other died; so that we may conclude pollen, whether similar or dissimilar which is highly favourable acts according to same laws if so probably the pollen of a variety subsequently introduced would annihilate effects of own pollen & half my theory.

p. 294 Mr K (same paper) has seen mule strawberries from Scarlet & Hautbois by the pollen of Alpine - one of them has character of female or Hautbois without any perceptible variation - habits different produced fruit without seed with high flavour but smaller yet Mr Williams once found one seed & this afforded mule plant in every respect similar to its parent."

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p. 295 Mr K. crossed the morello & common cherry & raised about 20 trees. These almost all were abortive & produced only five cherries & one only contained seed "one variety was very large & nearly similar in colour form? misprint to its male parent the Elton cherry but colour darker." flesh white & melting - (here fruit has taken after male parent, in strawberries just mentioned after female.

p. 300. Mr. G. Sinclairs account of the "Woburn perennial Kale a little known subvariety of the Brassica oleracea acephala fimbriata of Decandolle - its fructification defective & perfects little seed but having obtained two ounces of seed the plant having been carefully put remote from all cruciferous plants raised ten varieties only one quite like parent. "The plant furthest removed from the original stock has the leaves smooth fleshy nearly entire & in colour & substance precisely resembling the young leaves

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(43) of the Early York or Imperial cabbages; from through nine others the colour form incisions & substance of the leaves regularly approximated until all distinction is lost from the original plant. This variety is both ornamental & useful. (good example of retrograde action)

p. 311 Mr Swayne found the sterility of his filberts caused by a deficiency of male blossoms. repeated his observation during successive years - then suspended some branches of the hazel on the filbert trees & in consequence procured a great deal of fruit

p. 317 suspects the hazel pollen more fertilizing that that of the filberts themselves

p. 337. Mr Lindley suspects that Mr Herbert the seedlings from Amaryllis - equestre-villata crossed again with A rutila & fulgida are really merely hybrids of A. rutila & equestris - thinks the differences in the seedings caused by mere sporting.

p. 339 "It may be replied (to argument of fertility proving non-species) that it is well

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Superfluous doubt horse + zebra – ass

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known that other instances have occurred in which the union of two natural species has produced a third stock which has proved to be fertile to the extent of even three generations but that after that term it perished" what are his facts

p. 377 Mr Knight on the supposed influence of pollen upon the colour of seed coats - believe the cotyledons are influenced by the pollen & that these showed in Mr Gosse' experiment through the seed-coats

p. 384. Mr Knight says it is certain that certain varieties of fruit trees which were common a century since cannot now be made to grow under any kind of variety - thinks leaves are the organ which perish first

p. 386 "the fact that many of the seedling offspring of old diseased varieties of fruit are as much diseased as their parents is unquestionable, but this I conceive proves nothing more than that diseases are hereditary in the vegetable as they are in the animal world!!

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(45) p 390 Mr Gowen gives an account of an hybrid Amaryllis 3/4 A. vittata & 1/4 A. Regina. - four bulbs resembled each other but two others varied taking after the male parent, but in smell resembling A. vittata

p. 506 Mr Knight "on the protection of the blossoms of Wall Trees" but it is expedient that the meshes (of the woolen net) should be sufficiently wide to permit the ingress of bees; for the pistils of the blossoms of almost all fruit trees, are not in the best state to receive the pollen, till the anthers of the same blossom have become expanded & the number of blossoms which are rendered productive of fruit by their own proper pollen is not I have reason to believe great: The exclusion of honey-gathering insects is consequently in most cases very injurious" I believe the statement regarding the stigma from the extreme cases of the pears & filberts mentioned in this volume. Supposing Mr K. views & facts apply only to fruit-trees. Yet shows facility in crossing.

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p 554 Mr Lindley in his list of varieties of peaches nectarines enumerates & characterized 164.

Appendix p. 7 Mr Parmentier list of pears cultivated in France & the Netherlands mention 197 names.

Volume 6th.

p. 119 Mr Ross stated that the flowers of the black Damascus Grapes are known to set very imperfectly - to remedy this defect several shoots were trained in amongst the branches of the Royal Muscardine. This has the desired effect, those branches which were mixed with the Muscardine bore well the rest of the vine continued to produce defective branches as before. - now this shows that the trees, though trained on the same open wall did not fertilize each other, until the branches were

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were brought into natural juxtaposition - this is unfavourable to my view - Would this happen in wild plants we know that coucumbers (? in frame or open) require artificial impregnation which would not be so in nature. The grape being trained would prevent motion. Mr Ross observes (p. 120) that in the hothouse, the branches of flowers should be occasionally shaken over those, which it is wanted to fertilize

p. 133 Mr A. Matthews paper on Endives: the Cichorium Endivia is said to be the parent of all the Endives now cultivated in Europe - Communication with the continent has lately introduced several varieties into England - these 14 varieties described - divided into two sections - 11 one variety more bitter & given (a) back certain to sport; a third differs in general appearance of leaves & manner of growing; a 4 hardier; a 5 tender & leaves must be tied up to branch; a 6th apt to rot in centre 7th better for branching, an early kind apt to rot;

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(a) Thus some varieties, like some species have greater tendency to sport than others

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(48) Vol 6th Hort. Transact.

all the other endives differ in various peculiarities of small import, but sufficient, apparently to characterize them:

p. 147 Mr J. Barnet's Description of strawberries - makes seven classes or divisions - gives a type of each

p. 151 "The fact is strawberries frequently reproduce themselves unchanged from seed."

p. 152 "Old scarlet Strawberry" has been an inhabitant of our gardens nearly if not fully 200 years - imported from America "It continued in cultivation considerably more than half of the period of its existence as a garden fruit, without any variety havng been produced of it, either by seed or by import from America" This shows that without particular care, even cultivated plants remain constant, as in cattle &c in countries where little care is taken of them. (NB this probably is the case with common vegetables in every country)

p. 153 "Oblong scarlet strawberry" a new variety - a single plant was observed about ten years since by Mr J. Gibbs growing in a bed of "Old Scarlets"

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(49)

He propagated it (now this must have happened during the first 100 years, but from

not separating it, variety would be lost show that most varieties are thus produced & hence the conclusion is highly probable that separation is the prime element of formation)

p. 159 "Grove end scarlet Strawberry." A seedling raised in his garden at Grove end:

N B There are several hybrid strawberries, but as they are not propagated it does not signify

p. 175 Pitmaston "Black scarlet Strawberry", raised from seed old Black "the parent plants having grown near a plantation of Rosebery strawberries below the Scarlets supposed to have been accidentally impregnated for it has too much affinity to the Rosebery to be supposed to be an accidental sport of the Black. N. B it does not appear the Black is a true species.

p. 176 Autumn Scarlet strawberry, sprung from Knights' large scarlet impregnated [by] the pollen of old Black adheres to character of female

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Its chief merit is its lateness in yielding its fruit, when all except the Alpines have ceased to bear

p. 180 Cockscomb scarlet Strawberry was raised from a seed of Keen's Imperial & hence its origin would place it amongst the Pines (one of the seven classes) but from its greater affinity to the Scarlets is so classed: here there is a departure from the rule of succession. - it is very curious & remarkable strawberry.

p. 184 Pitmaston Black Strawberry - a seedling of the old Black - to which it is closely allied, more productive, but is tender & shy grower.

p. 185. Downton Strawberry sprung from Knights large scarlet impregnated by Old Black, is arranged under the black whilst another of same parentage (p. 174) has taken after its female parent or the scarlets

p. 200 Keen's seedling was raised from Keen's Imperial, & thus from a White Carolina, all well marked varieties of the Pine strawberries, (one of the seven divisions)

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(51) Moreover Black Prince strawberry also raised from Keen's Imperial - in habit approaches Keen's Imperial "but is one of the most singular strawberries that has yet been raised on account of its peculiar dark & polished surface which gives it an appearance entirely unlike any other yet known" (here is variety produced at once)

p. 207 "True Chili Strawberry" native of S. America The stamens are usually entirely abortive, - the anther being rarely sufficiently supplied with pollen to fecundate the stigmas, effect of new climate?? hence plants rarely productive, as they blossom after other varieties of strawberries have gone out of flower: not difficult to prevent this by having strawberries of the Rosebery in pots in N. border & then placed in the bed. - here then as in Dioecious plants artificial impregnation does not seem to be required.

p 212 all the varieties of the Hautbois were very productive last year & "even the Globe H, which has usually been supposed to require the proximity of the male flowers, bore as well as others, yet none of them (the male plants) had been introduced

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when the bed was formed. They were probably fecundated by the pollen of other varieties which produce hermaphroditic flowers with perfect stamens." Here there is a case of an dioecious plant being impregnated & productive when not mixed with its own male plant.

p. 213 Black Hautbois raised from seed of Prolific Hautbois.

p. 214 The Prolific Hautbois is only ranked as one of the varieties, is supposed to be a species & to have come from N. America - the flowers large with numerous stamens.

N. B in its offspring the Black Hautbois flowers are very small & like the Globe Hautbois in which the stamens are imperfect.

p. 394 The Boston Nectarine is described, raised at Boston from a stone of the Peach - (sudden variation like laws of monstrosity, there is not gradation in monstrosities).

p 412 Description of American Peach fruits by M. M. Floy. 'Serrated or Emperor of Russia Peach': This is a very singular Peach: the leaves are very deeply & doubly serrated, the fruit ripens early, is deeply cleft, one

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(53) "half projecting considerably beyond the other. The sort originated in the woods in New Jersey not far from this place near twenty years ago." (variety at once formed) It is singular, that all the stones of this fruit produce plants with jagged leaves but I have seen not one of its offspring as good as the original. The branches are apt to have a mildewed appearance & the tree & the tree seldom grow very large but inclines to be bushy. (N B In whatever volume the peaches were classed I believe the V. the Buenos Ayres variety was alluded to at end which shows it has formed a variety) - even when raised wild

p 530 Observations on the Qualities of newly raised fruits by Mr Knight. No. 1 & 2 obtained from seeds of the Damson & pollen of Imperatrice plums "appear to me to be improved varieties of the Damson; they appear as hardy as their female parent" 3 & 4 - sloe or Bullace impregnated by Coe's Golden Drop. "The fruit is much larger than I expected to see it & present a more cultivated character than I had

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anticipated - the fruit of two contained a good deal of sugar - one, sent to the Hort Gardens, "presents a greater extent of deviation from the character of its female parent, than any others of a numerous family my garden contains" (case of variation in progeny ) - thinks the imperatrice plum not a very old variety - These facts hostile, to Yarrell views

p 540 Mr Williams details a method of grafting by which the Golden Pippin was preserved but the very care requisite for this shows what a state of disease & age the variety is in.

p. 547 M K's notice on the Siberian Bitter-sweet a cyder apple "The American Apple Bug wholly avoids this tree. I have frequently inserted grafts into stocks, upon which those insects abounded, but I never saw more than one instance in which they were found upon the graft & then it was just above its junction with the stock & three days afterwards they had entirely disappeared" This apple derived its origin from a seed of Golden Honey Apple & pollen of Siberian Crab

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(55) p 575 Proliferous leek, variety of common leek produces young plants on its flower stalks instead of flowers - there little [bulbs] are mixed with flowers in the umbel.

p. 585 Blistered leaved Sorrel must be propagated by roots as it is not permanently established variety & hence its seedlings often return to the Broad-leaved whence it sprung - hence a suddenly produced variety

vol VII

p 31 Mr Street on the acclimatizing of plants "Many kinds of plants certainly can endure a more uncongenial climate or situation than their native place of growth"

p. 95 Mr W. Mowbray gave an account of several successful trials in obtaining fruit of different Passion flower. "Some of these rarely if ever, produce fruit if left to themselves or even if set with their own pollen, but Mr Mowbray has found that they would bear freely if the pollen of other species was applied to

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their blossoms. By this means he had in the preceding summer obtained fruits from P. racemosa and P. alata by using to each the pollen of the other" This shows the pollen itself is good: fact almost identical with Mr Herbert's regarding Crinium. (are any hybrid Passion flowers infertile, this would be point of difference from Mr. H. case: unfortunately no plant appears to have been raised from hybrids in text.

p. 130 The Orache or mountain Spinach is a native of Tartary "though often seen apparently wild in Grt. Britain in the neighbourhood of gardens from which it has strayed." Mr W. Townsend on Orache.

p. 141 "The extension of the sorts of (double Dahlias) has however been limited to D. superflora the varieties of D. fructanea have but little multiplied & no double flowers of that species

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(57) have yet been produced." yet the flowers are very brilliantly coloured – (The sorts of Dahlia are quite endless, - the great number of varieties in plants is owing to a similar male & female being produced at a birth). The present great number of Dahlias come from all parts of Europe: (in no case can I find it clearly stated how much influence diversity of country has in producing varieties: certain it is that different countries seem to possess different varieties of those plants which afford many varieties - perhaps merely chance of many cultivators

p. 213 It appears in certain soils Quince stocks are much better for pears than their own stocks.

p. 227 Rosa Alpina - Garden variety speciosa: - said by Lindley: This remarkable variety appears to be a hybrid production between R. alpina & R Indica - is there described

p. 260 The Mela-carla apple appears an instance like some fruits of a fruit requiring a very particular locality to preserve its true flavour.

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(58) Vol VII. Hort. Transact.

p. 336 Sir G. S. Mackenzie's account of some varieties of apple "proves that from any two apples, the probability is, that an almost endless variety may be obtained, there being, apparently circumstances connected with (cross) impregnation, but unknown to us, that tend to variation" - no clear facts given supporting this opinion.

p. 423 Mr Sabine in his paper on Crocuses states that some of the varieties described by Parkinson in 1629 are now lost. - analogy with species

p. 425 there seem a good many varieties of crocus & "new kinds are frequently raised by seed both in England, in Holland" - mentioned in reference to Mr Herberts statement to me that he could not cross Crocuses

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19

17 b. double flower old seed.

31 Flower being more double by culture

55 Passion flower crossed

p 37 direct action of pollen on Hazels & apples