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Geotrupes squeaks from distress & when held by hind legs, or at least shows some signs of anger –

Chiasognathus evidently from anger & defiance. What cause of Acalles, whether fear or anger cannot be told, but Mr Crotch informs me that in the Canaries he used to bite the dried stems branches of the Opuntias & then by listening could hear the stridulation at the distance of some feet & so ascertain whether there were specimen within; also when placed in pill-box.

/over

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But the noises made from these varied emotions are a reason why they vary but are their voice, if it may be so called, for making love; for birds, use their true voice under similar emotions.—

It is hardly possible quite incredible, but Mr. Crotch thinks wd frighten [illeg] the few individuals which devour the larger coleoptera, - Owls & birds of Prey, probably Hedgehogs & Foxes eat Geotrupes.

[Darwin cited this in Descent 1: 384-5.]