(1

Audubon Vol I.

(P) p 70 Oriole Icterus Balticus 3 yearly moult figured in ♂

221 do ♀ 4 years Icterus species young nearly like female in first year

p. 351 another Icterus

113 CC Turdus Polyglottis ♂ & ♀ in nest easily distinguishable yet sexes differ very little

139 Caroline Parrot, sexes nearly alike - but 2 years requisite for full plumage - during first season whole plumage green, in autumn front of carmine first appears. Robin

174 Goldfinch changes seasonal, during winter both sexes & young all alike - does not acquire brilliancy till next spring

193 Woodpecker - more crimson on head of young of both sexes than in adult state.

203 KK young Redstart breeding before mature plumage in 2d year sexes very different

p. 221 X Ibis & Flamingoes & reef waders take several years to complete plumage

229 P Waxwing ♀ get coral tips later than males.

233 Tanagra æstiva sexes very different - male most intense — yet sits alternately with female - young at first nearly like ♀ & very gradually in course of year assume plumage - not until 3d spring full brilliancy acquired.

254 Young Humming Bird - in autumn young ♂ begin to acquire red Throat.

280 Painted Finch —♂ 4 years to acquire full beauty - at first young ♂s like ♀ - wonderful contrast of Plumage.

327. Pigeon Passenger ♀ much duller than ♂

[1v]

p. 87 Sylvia sialis ♂upper parts azure blue ♀under — young upper parts broccoli brown in parts. rest like ♀ - lower parts light grey (I shd think lower like ♀ than ♂)

Intermediate (like sinerea plumage)

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Audubon I

378 Fringilla cyanura - ♂ with intense blue, very different from F requires 3 years to attain perfection

393. Virginian Partridge young ♀ somewhat lighter than young ♂ The adult ♀ resembles young male, but is more decidedly coloured. (Intermediate)

396 Belted Kingfisher - both sexes incubate —♀ belted & duller

486 Owls young very different from old - sexes alike, I believe

 

Vol II.

10 Raven 3 year before acquiring pointed feathers, ♂ = ♀.

22 Fringilla socialis - sexes nearly alike, young acquire full plumage first spring

51. Black vulture sexes alike - do not get full plumage till 2d year - & skin becomes naked on head

55 Canada Jay - sexes closely alike, young very different named as distinct but seem a very dull "indigent"-coloured species. [Garrulus canadiensis].

75 79} woodpecker alternately incubating do young ♂ & old & old ♀ all nearly alike} deep black with red Heads

89. White-crowned Sparrow of equal beauty - lose white stripes in winter. Young have white stripe as soon as fledged.

143 S? Blue Grosbeak. Female somewhat duller blue than M Y does not get full plumage till 3rd year.

3

Audubon II

152. Y Nuthatch are not brown on head until Spring when the sexes are alike.

170 Rose-breasted Grosbeak Sexes very different; Y M after 1st moult shews some rosy tint but still resembles F

195 Turdus migratorius F paler than M Y (U) of this as of all other species of which the breast is uniformly tinted is spotted when young.

198. Picus tridactylus Y do not attain full plumage till 2nd year - F differs only from M in less yellow on head.

327. Quiscalus ferruginous M deep black. F - brownish black - with parts light brown Y with more light brown but not very different.

420. Hirundo rustica F paler than M - Young still paler.

450 Orange-crowned warbler M has bright orange spot on head during breeding season. which is not acquired by Y till following Spring.

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Audubon II.

475 Columba passerina. F paler & duller Y like F.

529. Tetrao Saliceti Y do not acquire full summer plumage till 2 years old - Sexes not very different.

545 - Parus Hudsonicus. F like M but upper parts deeply tinged with brown.

560. Cross-bill sexes very different. M requires 3 moults Y M resembles F Y F has less yellow than adult F.

 

Vol. III.

p. 133 Ibis Tantalus take 4 years to come to maturity; FF but birds of 2d year sometimes breed; "but this is rare." Sexes alike - white with main feathers black. - The Y dusky-grey all over.

139 Ardea Ludovicana - sexes alike -acquire full beauty in 2d year - But train & crest lengthen for several years - Laws of growth or vigour. Y after first moult begins to be tinged with ultimate colours.

211 Grus americanus believe does not attain full plumage for 4 years.

Breed before attaining full plumage, as does White-Headed Eagle (& Kestrel) - so does young of Ardea cærulea, which is white whilst young

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Audubon V.

11. Icterus Bullockii sexes very different Y ♂ resemble ♀ on all upper parts; some characters like adult ♂, but less developed. (I shd say more like ♀ than ♂. Intermediate

62 Scarlet Ibis rubra. Y M upper parts uniform brown-grey

176 Picus mexicanus - ♀ tints somewhat duller, without red patch on cheeks - several similar cases. p 183

210 Canada Jay plumage very lovely — before described.

318 Sylvia Delafieldii Y♂ apparently like ♀, but has black mark below eyes like ♂. (I shd think intermediate, but more like ♀)

519 P Tanagra æstiva ♀ sometimes almost as red as males & caught breeding.

Jerdon I.

[in margin:] Kingfishers

p 222. Halcyon leucocephalus - sexes apparently alike — Y has buff on lower parts edged with brown, & the colour generally duller.

228. Kingfisher Y feathers on breast, sides & back of neck edged with dusky - colour more dingy.

231. Alcedo Bengalensis in Y bluish-green prevalent tint, in adults pure blue.

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Jerdon I.

243 Buceros bicornis sexes same in parent plumage & yet builds in ♀ How about Beak

246 another sub-genus with same habits & sexes alike

250 Aceros allied group sexes differ considerably

257 Alexand. Parrakeet. Palæornis alexandris ♀ wants collar of peach rose.

258 ZZ P. torquatus ♀ has bright emerald narrow collar in place of rose collar

260 Pal. rosa ♀ had head plum-blue instead of roseate, & has yellow demi-collar instead of black collar; breast much tinged with oil-yellow. Y green throughout but with 2 centre tail-feathers always blue, usually a faint indicator of pale collar of ♀ - (so more like ♀ than ♂

261. Pal columboides ♀ wants or only faint indication of black collar

265 Loriculus vernalis "chin & throat in the ♂ tinged with verdigris blue."

343. Koel - Cuckoo Y ♀ has white spots tinged with rufous, Y ♂ a good deal of white, & so much like to adult ♀, than to adult ♂ but differs rather from her:

389 QQ Nuthatch. ♂ cærulean blue - even in nest ♂ distinguished by black forehead. I presume sexes alike.

445 Paradise Flycatcher adult sexes alike & white - the y probably take 3 years to get this, & are (+) glossy black in early states

[93]

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Jerdon. I

p. 515 QQ [illeg] erythropterus a blue Thrush - upper surface of ♂ mostly blue: ♀ brown & fulvous. Young ♂ brown with pale spots wing & tail blue young ♀ all dusky so case like Humming Birds.

{Case of strictly masculine secondary character gained very early in life. ♀ not beautiful.

Vol. III.

p. 450 Pigeons ♀ Toucan considerably different

p 483 Turtus

455 Chalcophus Indicus sexes rather different - Y more dusky above with little green & barred beneath like [illeg]

518 Ceciornis Melanocephala Y ♂ like old ♀ - gets + full male plumage in 3d year

635 {Squatirola Helvetica. Y apparently intermediate between summer & male plumage 637 {Golden Plover, apparently similar case.

747. WW The ashy Egret Demi-egretta asha - adults of both sexes of different slaty tints in the breeding & non-breeding season - Y quite white = Rule V [illeg] =

749 Cattle Egret, (Buphus coromandus) Summer dress, rich golden bluff - In non-breeding dress pure white. So though white gained in many forms gained as ornament, have rejected & this accounts for white plumage in both dresses being slate or other colours in nuptial dress

Principle of change or [illeg]

[94]

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Gould I

136 Syma or Halcyon flavirostra - sexes considerably different

137 D Tanysiptera sylvia sexes alike in colour; ♀, rather shorter central tail-feathers - splendid breeds - Y at first moult like parents.

169. Strogon grantina - Laniadæ - sexes exactly alike - fine-bluish black with some pure white - young also exactly alike. - These characters of genus. Case like Canada Jay

181. Cracticus genus in same Fam. - sexes alike, but young very different.

193 Granulus melanga sexes alike grey & black. Y undergo rather complex changes before assuming adult plumage

196 do in other sp. of genus

200 Campehaga allied genus. sexes very unlike

213 Pachycephala y ♂ similar to ♀, but throat whiter & & markings on chest more distnct (so intermediate but nearer to ♀) In other sp. y ♂ resembles ♀s.

260 266} Some obscure birds - with sexes nearly alike, yet y different (This looks like protection)

279 HH Petroica multicolor - beautiful birds - sexes very dissimilar yet both have scarlet breast, acquired like our robin during first year (case like speculum)

285 Melanodrya sexes considerably different & young considerably different from ♀ Intermediate

[11v]

I. p. 317 Malurus splendid Birds ♂ acquires gray plumage during only very short time

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Gould I

294 dull Birds - sexes nearly alike - young streaked, acquires like robin plumage very soon.

486 Meliornis sexes generally alike & the young assume adult livery at an early period. (correct according to my rule)

509 Philotis yellow-throated honey eater — sexes quite alike & y assume from first plumage of adults.

526 Meliphaga -sexes alike & little or no difference in nestling - some of the most beautiful Birds

534 another genus same remarks

562 do do splendid Birds

574 - do - do - not attractive in plumage.

566 another genus sexes alike, but Y considerably different

602 MM Red-eyebrow Creeper (Climacteris) ♀ alone ornamented with rufous mark on Throat - generic character.

617 P Cuckoo in very old ♀ gets like ♂ Y seem very different.

625 — do Y sexes different - Y more like ♀ than ♂ Intermediate

 

Gould I. I.

p. 7 Blood-stained Cacatua - general plumage white, sexes alike - Y alike

p. 10 another sp. do remarks

14 Banksia cockatoo V black with red bar to tail, ♀ & young of both sexes differ considerably from adult ♂.

p. 20 other cases - 32

V V 17. Species of Cockatoo entirely black ♂, ♀ considerably different

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Gould II.

(All Parrots on this page)

30 Parrot sexes very different

32 ♂ Parrakeet thigh in some scarlet in some green - Variation to illustrate abrupt changes

p. 68 another case only analogous

36. Lory sexes differ considerably - Y ♂ for 2 years Y resemble ♀s. [illeg]

40 Barnards Parrakeet Platycercus magnificent - sexes differ but little.

45 another Platycercus - sexes when adult alike, but much difference between young & old - & take long before mature plumage assumed.

56. Plat. eximius - beautiful sexes alike - & young from nest like adults - We have seen in other species of genus young very different - so not [illeg] characters - (see my notes in Pencil on Page) (so with Jays)

59. Plat. sexes alike - young different.

61 sexes rather different

62, 66, 67. Psephotus Parrakeet. ♀ nearly similar, but less brilliant

70 Psephotus sexes very different - Y ♂ apparently like female.

72 Euphemia sexes alike & sp. p. 78 - young like, but band on forehead not so conspicuous.

76 do other species. ♀ less brilliant than male

79 Euphemia sexes very different

83 Melopsittacus sexes generally like, Y different

87 Pezoporus sexes generally like Y like old.

91 Lithonius sexes very similar, - but ♀ less brilliant - Y like adult

93 Trichoglossa - sexes indistinguishable

101, 102 [illeg] sexes do. Y like at very early age.

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Gould II

109 Splendid Pigeons sexes considerably different

111. do - sexes alike other cases male a little brighter with Pigeons, like parrots - just same gradation of sexual differences. - but Y not described.

178 Turnix - sexes different ♂ smallest, & destitute of black colouring characteristic of ♀

180 Another sp. ♂ differs only in less size. p. 183 do

186 Turnix. - 188 do

200 Emu sexes alike - pair & ♂ incubates p. 203

228 Dotterel European ♀ larger & brighter than ♂

275 Rhynchæa

232 Dotterel young ♂ more like ♀ than ♂

319 Ardetta sexes differ considerably

329. Gallinula ♀ brill often brighter than in ♂ M M

385 Pectoral Rail sexes indistinguishable - Y at early age like both.

337 True Rallus ♀ not so bright - Y considerable different

351 Cercopsis sexes alike - Y at early age like

363. some geese egret like, some have ♂ more beautiful

― Anas superciliosa sexes alike - fine speculum HH

491 Cormorant sexes like - Y different

497. [illeg] sexes differ - Y like females

502 WW Phaeton ♂ with more roseate blush than ♀ Y white no rose, white barred with black.

505 Sula sexes alike - Y dark grey - then mottled & slowly changes to adult

511. WW Podiceps sexes alike both have equal frill, which is only nuptial

Mr Sclater

Audubon, John James. 1831-1839. Ornithological biography, or an account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners. 5 vols. Edinburgh: Adam Black. [on Beagle] CUL-DAR.LIB.14 vol. 1 link PDF vol. 2 PDF vol. 3 PDF vol. 4 PDF vol. 5 PDF

Gould, John. 1865. Handbook to Birds of Australia. 2 vols. London.

Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill. 1862-1864. The birds of India; being a natural history of all the birds known to inhabit continental India, with descriptions of the species, genera, families, tribes, and orders, and a brief notice of such families as are not found in India, making it a manual of ornithology specially adapted for India. 2 vols. in 3. Calcutta: the author. [A copy ordered, CCD16] vol. 1 PDF vol. 2 pt. 1 PDF vol. 2 pt. 2 PDF

speculum: A lustrous mark on the wings of certain birds. OED.