CUL-DAR76.B86-B87    Note:    [Undated]   Dichogamy / Isotoma (a Lobeliad) white flow[ered] has curious long   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [86] Dichogamy Isotoma (a Lobeliad) white flow. Nov. 12. 1862. has curious long pointed filament from summit of united anthers, projecting rectangularly into gangway to nectary; when struck as must be by insect, pollen is shaken on to insect. After most pollen spilt, stigma protrudes open, as in Lobelia. — 5 plants in pots in Greenhouse, were not watched, but were not seen to be visited by bees produced 12 24 good pods 13 very poor pods (= 37 pods

CUL-DAR66.59-77    Note:    [Undated]   [Bloom continued] [notes on plants cleaned with damp sponge; application   Text   Image

Coppery Oxalis with yellow flowers. out of doors corniculata. (var coppery) June 1'. 9˚ 30'. F. fastened open 6 leaves cleaned 1 leaflet on each towards end where sticks are fastened. June 6. Only 3 of the old ones still attached fastened 7 more at 10. 15 AM — these are known by either being fastened directly to the bog main board or by a pin driven into the little laths. ( VI is pencilled opposite each new one — but this might wash out) The leaflet most away from greenhouse wall cleaned on

CUL-DAR66.59-77    Note:    [Undated]   [Bloom continued] [notes on plants cleaned with damp sponge; application   Text   Image

of Common Laurel have greasy appearance water does not well adhere to it; whatever it is, it is not easily rubbed off by dry, Handkerchief or S. Ether, but is perfectly removed by slight — rubbing with finest precipitated moistened chalk end of finger. The surface of Cassia common greenhouse is in exactly the same state as under surface of Laurel. — Youngish Holly-leaves polished considerably wetted. — Young leaves of Mahonia (aquifolia) splendidly polished — they after dipping are not

CUL-DAR68.112-113    Note:    [ny].07.13--[ny].07.23   Tropaeolum minus — dwarf var / 1h am / Rubbing with sponge at 90° does   Text   Image

July 16. S. Ether removes silver, but surface still repellent waving nearly full-sized leaf for 1' in water at 92° no effect— same leaf in w at 101° for 1' silver largely removed on upper surface less removed on lower surface. — (July 20th at 9° 30' P.m To my great surprise the plants in 2 Pots in middle greenhouse were not asleep — none of leaves; whereas the plants in further House — the coldest in cool hot-house were asleep— Perhaps the plants in middle house were too dry; I have wetted one

CUL-DAR68.140-151    Note:    [ny].08.00--[ny].09.00   [experiments on effects of attempted removal of bloom]   Text   Image

Carnation from greenhouse Young shoot. Aug 10 11° — one leaf cleaned on both sides, marked with blue on top, hung up to dry. — (Aug 29' no difference in the 2 sets) do— marked done in same manner to stand in water. Sept 17th no clear difference in the two sets of leaves [143

CUL-DAR68.82-84    Note:    [ny].07.31--[ny].08.23   Triticum repens in Greenhouse [application of fresh water, salt water]   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [82] Triticum repens in Greenhouse Aug 14th. 8° 35' put bunch of leaves in Bottle of fresh water. Aug 21st tips of blades yellow ― 23d nearly all the blades yellower. [83

CUL-DAR68.82-84    Note:    [ny].07.31--[ny].08.23   Triticum repens in Greenhouse [application of fresh water, salt water]   Text   Image

Triticum in Greenhouse Aug 8th 9° placed one bundle of blades, slightly sponged another bundle in bottle in salt-water, to see if they decay quicker in light. — Cleaned blades black wool: — white uncleaned. — Aug 12th 10° 30' — 3 leaves white wool with tips badly injured yellow. — Black wool 2 leaves with tips yellowish. (warmth light seem to make great difference in decay. Aug 13th leaves considerably injured, especially tips where bent — no difference between cleaned uncleaned. — [84

CUL-DAR157.2.65-67    Note:    [ny].07.01--[ny].08.16   Virginian creeper [Ampelopsis] / 3h 30 pm set stick to base of upper fork   Text   Image

immersion a little warmed of some hours duration, except such as are deeply embedded these are only mechanically held. (I tried all this repeatedly) Essential oils dissolve caoutchouc. — The difference was marked compared with anything else tried. — Aug 10th On Brick in Greenhouse after 38° touching, end of tendril showed plain signs of swelling. [4v

A793.3    Beagle Library:     Kirby, William and Spence, William. 1815-26. An introduction to entomology. 4 vols. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. vol. 3.   Text

becomes a covering for her eggs, which it incloses on every side. To make this intelligible to you, further explanation is necessary. You must have noticed those singular immovable tortoise-shaped insects, which are such pests to myrtles and other greenhouse plants. These are the young of a species of Coccus (C. Hesperidum L.), and their history is that of the whole race. Part of them never become much bigger than the size of which you ordinarily see them, and when full-grown disclose minute two

A585    Book:     Lindley, John. 1840. The theory of horticulture; or, an attempt to explain the principal operations of gardening upon physiological principles. London: Longman.   Text   Image

with a substance whose moisture is continually diminishing; or in a greenhouse, where the pots are syringed, the heat of the earth in contact with the roots is lowered by a copious evaporation from the sides of the pot, just when, in nature, the bottom heat should be the greatest. The evil consequences of this are well known to gardeners, who however seldom take any sufficient precautions to prevent it. Greenhouse plants exposed to the open air in summer always suffer severely from the irregular

A585    Book:     Lindley, John. 1840. The theory of horticulture; or, an attempt to explain the principal operations of gardening upon physiological principles. London: Longman.   Text   Image

first and greatest end attained by potting is, the power of moving plants about from place to place without injury; greenhouse plants from the open air to the house, and vice versa; hardy species, difficult to transplant, to their final stations in the open ground without disturbing their roots; annuals raised in heat to the open borders; and so on: and, when this power of moving plants is wanted, pots afford the only means of doing so. It also cramps the roots, diminishes the tendency to form

A585    Book:     Lindley, John. 1840. The theory of horticulture; or, an attempt to explain the principal operations of gardening upon physiological principles. London: Longman.   Text   Image

Excretory functions of roots, 284. Exogens, 29. 30. their pith central and distinct, 25. Exposure of greenhouse plants, 288. Eyes, propagation by, 191. F. Fall of the leaf, 54. Fertilisation, 68. of the Mistletoe, 332. Fibrous roots, production of, by root-pruning, 308. Fibre, woody, originates in the leaves, 24. Fibres of vegetables, 138. Field crops, germination of, in wet seasons, 182. Fig-trees, mode of pruning, 253. Filament, 56. Floral envelopes, 56. Flowers, their action, 55. their

CUL-DAR262.23.1    Draft:    [Undated]   [Biographical sketch of Darwin Charles Robert]   Text   Image

to Caerdeon. In the morning we all drove up to the poor old Mount had the misfortune to find the then tenant, an underbred clergyman at home. He never left us alone for one moment I admired my Father's gentleness forbearance in the way he answered all his prosy impertinent questions as to the changes made since the old time. Afterwards he said as we were driving away with a pathetic look of regret, If I could have been left alone in that greenhouse for five minutes I know I should have been

CUL-DAR28.1.A1-A55    Draft:    [1848--1882.04.00]   The action of carbonate of ammonia on the roots of certain plants   Text   Image

(With the following plants the solution produced some slight effect. with The roots of a fern, Nephrodium molle, were immersed for 20 hrs in a solution of 4 to 1000; this caused the deposition of some brown granular matter in the cells near their tips of the roots; and more or less confluent globules could be seen in the underlying parenchyma-cells. So it was with an unnamed greenhouse species of fern; and in this case the almost loose cells of the root-cap contained brown granules. The roots

CUL-DAR209.3.221    Note:    [ny].10.08--[ny].10.10   Imatophyllum   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [221] Imatophyllum (A) the pot see fig stood in cool greenhouse 16 1/2 inch from BC which represents the glass partition between the green house grape house. A straight bit of glass 6 cm (2.4 inches) was fastened onto leaf observed by foreshortening, dots made on the vertical glass. Observed for 3 days Oct 8, 9, 10; everyday it f sank during the morning rose during afternoon morning evening. The angle O was about 50 O only altered when the leaf at its

CUL-DAR157a.1-84    Note:    1855--1867   Experiment Book.   Text   Image   PDF

Nov. 1867. I put a goose's foot on ground both by day night some very many small Helices of at least 3 species 2 sp. of slugs crawled on it. The goose-foot suspended in greenhouse another on tree by day, the Helices slugs all dropped off in about 5 hours. When goose or duck flies foot closes. Try this during night whilst shells slugs are very young— [remaining 3 pages are blank] [inside back cover] p 30 31 Sweet Peas crossed. , 39 p 1. Hollyhocks [printed label:] FROM HALLIFAX CO. Account Book

CUL-DAR157a.1-84    Note:    1855--1867   Experiment Book.   Text   Image   PDF

The dark purple grows nearest walk: pale crimson further off. 9 1856 June 13th. The Lychnis (red) dioica which has had so much salt Guano, in the female stems are certainly less red less hairy than to other plants which only occasionally have had Guano alone. June 16th Lathyrus Nissolia— seeds raised in Hotbed Greenhouse planted out some— now in flower— clump about 18 inches high. Flowers always 2 on stalk — Lake Red . — Has been treated all spring with salt Guano water.— Specimen dried.— Nos

CUL-DAR157a.1-84    Note:    1855--1867   Experiment Book.   Text   Image   PDF

government botanic gardens in Perth, Western Australia.] (53 1861 May 8th 1860 I observe about 1/2 cowslips in Greenhouse Experimental beds have long pistils very short anthers with several pollen at base of tube other 1/2 plants (all same on same plant) have very short pistil with long anthers at mouth of tube with much pollen– Case of Compensation.— The long short pistil is rather large rudimentary (in male flowers) is flattened at pole smoother— pale coloured.— The long pistil, which I presume is

CUL-DAR157.1.34    Note:    [Undated]   Kidney bean / Young plant raised in Greenhouse — stake supporting huge   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (1 Kidney Bean.— Young plant raised in Greenhouse— slates supporting huge cotyledon 4 5/8 inch — first internode 7 1/2 inch long— Neither of these move. The upper internode, together with very young one an inch long, were 6 1/2 inches in length, but shortened by tip being curved. This upper internode made a first most regular circle in 2° — A second circle in 1°. 55' — A third in 1°. 55'.— Moves reverse of Watch.— I see a trace of twisting in this

CUL-DAR157.1.32    Note:    [ny].04.04--[ny].04.07   Sollya drummondii in Greenhouse moves against sun   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [32] Sollya Drummondii in Greenhouse moves against sun. — Ap 4— 4°. 25' Ap 5— cold day — 8°. 0' ― 6— 6°. 25' 7— 7°. 5' A plant with long stems like string [Climbing plants, p. 16

CUL-DAR157.1.33    Note:    [ny].05.13--[ny].05.25   Glycina in Greenhouse moves against sun   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [33] Glycina in Greenhouse: moves against sun. — 1864. May 13th 3°. 5' ― 3°. 20'} shoot young ― 16th 2°. 5' ― 24 3°— 21' ― 25 2°— 37' ― 25 2°— 35

CUL-DAR157.1.49    Note:    [ny].06.13--[ny].07.11   Scyphanthus elegans / Loasa aur[??]tiaca   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [49] Scyphanthus elegans Greenhouse (with sun) June 13th 1°.— 45' ― 1°. 17'. quickest € ever made ― 14.' 1°. 36' ― 1°. 59' (sometimes takes 2 turns) in one direction Yes) ― 2°. 3' [Climbing Plants, p. 18.] Loasa aurantiaca. Greenhouse.......? Greenhouse against sun June 20th. 7° 20 2°. 37' ― 2°. 13' ― 4°. 0' June 21' 2°. 35' ― 22d 3°. 26' ― 23d 3° 5' July 11' another plant mov followed sun 1° 51 1° 46' 1° 41' 1° 48} very hot day {one plant first

F1715    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1861. Cause of the variation of flowers. Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener 1 (18 June): 211.   Text   Image   PDF

present in my greenhouse, but I know not its name), the central flower in each truss every year comes regular, loses the two dark patches of colour on the two upper petals, and, what is very curious, loses the nectary, which may be seen in all the other flowers cohering to the flower-stalk. In the common Carrot the central floret in the umbel is dark purple and very different from the others; and I find that this central little flower is extremely variable. Are there not other cases of species which

CUL-DAR79.77-81    Note:    1862   Nolana prostrata (old note in Germination of Seed Portfolio)   Text   Image

Nov. 27 /62 Nolana prostrata 9 Plants uncovered, seed weighed 79 gr. ∴ 12 plants would have produced 105 gr. ✔ 12 Plants under net in Greenhouse white thread 3 seeds Black thread 4 all the other pods had opened got mixed with remaining seeds; so that 14 flowers were artificially fertilised in this lot. — Every single plant of the 12 produced some seed, so that none can be strictly dimorphic. — These 12 Plants produced only 64 gr, yet 14 flowers were artificially fertilised; so that Bees aid

CUL-DAR108.70    Note:    1862.spring   Wild Cowslips in Pots experimented on in Greenhouse / Short-styled   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [70] Wild Cowslips in Pots, experimented on in greenhouse in Spring of 1862. Short-styled — (stick) [data not transcribed] (Used in Lythrum paper) (These were the products of the umbels which did not perish from the heat.) 50 crossed first homomorphically with cowslip in 24° heterotrophically with polyanthus 48 59. do do do do do Hybrids Primrose Cowslips Cowslip by pollen of Primrose [data not transcribed] p. 76 Experiment Book gives record of what

CUL-DAR76.B40    Note:    1862.05.24   Cabbages / Prepotency / 10h 45 put plenty of pollen on 3 lately opened   Text   Image

not to be easily crossed even late application of pollen produce effect— [Right margin:] Prepotency of pollen of other Var. Quoted do. put plenty of own pollen on 3 open flowers of Cattells early Barnes' Cabbage after 23 hours put pollen of long stamens of Ragged Jack. — marked with black thread. Same remarks applicable in this case as in last. — (Plants killed) June 4th castrated 4 flowers of Ragged Jack Stems nearest to Greenhouse put under net: 6' fertilised 2 with pollen of short stamens of

CUL-DAR157.1.103    Note:    [1862].04.14--[1862].06.15   Solanum jasminoides Greenhouse moves against sun   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [103] Solanum jasminoides Greenhouse an upright bush. with thin twigs Moves against sun. — sometime stood still or moved but little Ap. 4. 3° 35' — 3° 10' Ap 6 3° 45' — 3° 15' 3°. 26' [calculations not transcribed] June 15th Plant put into Hothouse a good-sized leaf well caught vertical stick in 7°. In greenhouse movements extremely slow, footstalk not acted on during several days by 15 inches of red string — It is remarkable that full-sized leaves

CUL-DAR109.A11    Note:    1862.07.29   Satureia hortensis Summer Savoy / I raised 11 Plants one alone had   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [A11] Satureia hortensis. Summer Savoy. July 29.62 I raised 11 Plants, one alone had perfect anthers purple ie was Hermaphrodite. The 10 others were female. The only difference in pistils was that in female they were a shade longer. Largely visited by Humble Hive Bees ─ In pot in greenhouse─ Culture under heat perhaps must have increased the Females.─ See about seeding ─ Case exactly like Thyme. ─ Anthers of female a more colourless transparent double

F1717    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1862. On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of Primula, and on their remarkable sexual relations. [Read 21 November 1861] Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 6: 77-96.   Text   Image   PDF

of insects, the six short-styled plants ought to have produced 92 grains' weight of seed instead of only 1.3; and the eighteen long-styled plants, which produced not one seed, ought to have produced above 200 grains' weight. The production of the 1.3 grain of seed in the smaller lot was probably due to the action of Thrips or some minute insect. This evidence is sufficient, but I may add that ten pots of Polyanthuses and Cowslips of both forms, protected from insects in my greenhouse, did not set

CUL-DAR109.A12    Note:    1863.07.13   The Summer Savoy raised from the seed from plants in Greenhouse last   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [A12] July 13' 63 The summer Savoy raised from the seed from plant in greenhouse last summer are quite true all uniform not in least crossed with winter, which shows that the one (?) hermaphrodite sufficed to impregnate all ─ very curious case

CUL-DAR157.1.89-90    Note:    1863.08.09--1863.08.12   Tropaeolum canariense / Young plant 2 lowest internodes do not move   Text   Image

Does not climb Tropæolum Canariense (Peregrinum) Aug 11th I have now ascertained that quite young leaves even leaves 1 1/4 inch in diameter have whole peduncle sensitive if touched on any side in from 1/4 to 1° curl up to that side, thus clasp stick if stationary): Leaf Leaf does not move.— As yet not seen leaf move move that to form a hook, ie. upper basal ends parallel. — I doubt if this plant winds?? Movement to bring peduncle into contact — In greenhouse a leaf which had clasped stick has

CUL-DAR157.2.8-10    Note:    1863.10.29--1863.11.07   Cobaea [continued]   Text   Image

Cobæa Scandens Oct 29 1863 On flat surface in greenhouse hooks, with rare exceptions, become neatly attached. Whole tendril corresponds to terminal leaflet with foot-stalk. Upper surface of t- angular green. lower surface rounded purple. The Green stripes very narrow on branchlets run to upper surface of terminal hooks; difference of colour probably determines the movement. No movement till tendril comes into contact. It is mere case of leaf turning to light. Hence slow adaptation of branches

CUL-DAR17.1.B1a-B62    Draft:    1864   'On the movements & habits of climbing plants by Ch Darwin F.R.S. F.L.S'   Text   Image

[First 5 lines already transcribed in the previous page] they ought to have revolved in between 2° and 2° 30'. Shoots of the Kidney-bean were similarly but retarded but in a less degree. I have repeatedly observed that carrying a plant from the greenhouse to my house, or even (4

CUL-DAR108.137    Note:    [1864orafter]   Horwoods 4 Plants kept in my Greenhouse — midstyled — self-fertilised   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [137] Horwoods 4 Plants kept in my greenhouse— midstyled — self-fertilise — produced 180 pods, then I examined 30, of which only 3 produced no seed: Hence. average [calculations not transcribed] 35.5 But if all beneath 14 be omitted (I chose this by chance from results of 1863) we have this average [calculations not transcribed] 42.5 averag

CUL-DAR17.1.B1a-B62    Draft:    1864   'On the movements & habits of climbing plants by Ch Darwin F.R.S. F.L.S'   Text   Image

from one part to another of the greenhouse to another part, always stopped the revolving movement for some a time; hence I conclude that during windy weather twining plants plants natural growing would not during very windy stormy weather make their revolutions. A decrease in temperature was always caused a considerable retardation in the rate of revolution; but Dutrochet (Tom. 17 p. 994, 996) has given such good precise observations on this head with respect to the tendril-bearing pea, that I

CUL-DAR17.1.B1a-B62    Draft:    1864   'On the movements & habits of climbing plants by Ch Darwin F.R.S. F.L.S'   Text   Image

the angle between two stems leaf-stalk. I may here state that I ascertained the weights of the string thread used by in all cases by carefully weighing 50 inches of string of thread in a chemical balance, then by cutting I cutting off measured portions lengths.*a The main foot-stalk petiole carries three leaflets; each having a short, but separate petiole; there were but their short petioles are of the leaflets are not sensitive. A young inclined shoot (the plant being in the greenhouse

CUL-DAR157.1.82    Note:    1864.01.31   Tropaeolum tricolorum / Tendrils very sensitive on upper & lower surface   Text   Image

Horace observed that plant climbed in Hot-house in one-way then in other way. I see same fact in Greenhouse — Bears on reversed movement in Pea echinocystis A common twining plant could not do so

CUL-DAR157.1.22    Note:    1864.03.09--1864.03.16   Lapagerea rosea / Moves with sun   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [22] Lapagerea Rosea. Mar. 64— Moves with Sun; in greenhouse first circle Mar 7. not complete in 26°— Mar 9. completed 26°. 15' Mar 10. Semi circle 8°. 15' = 16°. 30' Mar 11 circle in 11° Mar 12. Do — 15°. 30' Mar 13 Do 14°. 15' At Commencement shoot was very young. In Hothouse Mar 16 in 8°. 40'— then shoot remained stationary the whole of the next day.— [Climbing plants, p. 15

CUL-DAR157.1.24    Note:    1864.04.09   Hop-Plant in Greenhouse put in House 1 ft high   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [24] April 9th 1864 Hop— Plant in Greenhouse (put in House. 1 ft. high — moved with sun. two circles each in 4° 16' ie on average °2°. 8'.— Average of 7 revolutions = 2°. 8' warm weather during April August [calculations not transcribed] [24v

CUL-DAR157.1.31    Note:    1864.05.18--1864.05.26   Hibbertia dentata placed in Hothouse (Greenhouse plant)   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [31] Hibbertia dentata, placed in Hot-house (greenhouse plant) 1864 Moved with sun May 18th — 7°. 20' May 19th against sun 7°. 0' ― 20th. moved against sun about 1/3 of a circle then, stood still. (26th went 2/3 of a circle with the sun then returned in (11°, 46' I placed a stick, incessantly it curled round it uncurled again — this was repeated an endless number of times— The curling uncurling being often 1/2 2/3 of a circle— Internodes very long

F1733    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1865. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. [Read 2 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 9: 1-118, 13 text figures.   Text   Image   PDF

regularly at an average rate of 3 h. 26 m. The shoots, however, sometimes stand still. It is considered a greenhouse plant; but when kept there, the petioles took several days to clasp a stick: in the hothouse a stick was clasped in 7 h. In the greenhouse a petiole was not affected by a loop of string, suspended during several days and weighing 2 1/2 grains; in the hothouse one was made to curve by a loop weighing 1.64 (and, on the removal of the string, became straight again), but was not at

F1733    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1865. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. [Read 2 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 9: 1-118, 13 text figures.   Text   Image   PDF

; follows the sun. Three shoots cut off and placed in water made circles in 3 h. 10 m., 5 h. 20 m., and 7 h. 15 m. Wistaria Chinensis (Leguminosæ), in greenhouse, moves against the sun. h. m. May 13, 1st circle . . . . . . 3 5 „ 13, 2nd „ . . . . . . 3 20 „ 16, 3rd „ . . . . . . 2 5 h. m. May 24, 4th circle . . . . . . 3 21 „ 25, 5th „ . . . . . . 2 37 „ 25, 6th „ . . . . . . 2 35 Phaseolus vulgaris (Leguminosæ), in greenhouse, moves against the sun. h. m. May, 1st circle . . . . . . 2 0 „ 2nd

F1733    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1865. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. [Read 2 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 9: 1-118, 13 text figures.   Text   Image   PDF

(MONOCOTYLEDONS, continued.) Asparagus (unnamed species from Kew) (Liliaceæ) moves against the sun, placed in hothouse. h. m. Dec. 26, 1st circle . . . . . . 5 0 „ 27, 2nd „ . . . . . . 5 40 Tamus communis (Dioscoreaceæ). A young shoot from a potted tuber placed in the greenhouse; follows the sun. h. m. July 7, 1st circle . . . . . . 3 10 „ 7, 2nd „ . . . . . . 2 38 „ 8, 3rd „ . . . . . . 3 5 h. m. July 8, 4th circle . . . . . . 2 56 „ 8, 5th „ . . . . . . 2 30 „ 8, 6th „ . . . . . . 2 30

F1733    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1865. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. [Read 2 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 9: 1-118, 13 text figures.   Text   Image   PDF

-bean were similarly retarded, but in a less degree. I have repeatedly observed that carrying a plant from the greenhouse to my house, or from one to another part of the greenhouse, always stopped the movement for a time; hence I conclude that naturally exposed plants would not make their revolutions during stormy weather. A decrease in temperature always caused a considerable retardation in the rate of revolution; but Dutrochet (tom. xvii. pp. 994, 996) has given such precise observations on this

F1733    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1865. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. [Read 2 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 9: 1-118, 13 text figures.   Text   Image   PDF

growth the finest fibres and secrete an adhesive cement. Eccremocarpus scaber (Bignoniaceæ).—Plants in the greenhouse, though growing pretty well, showed no spontaneous movements in their shoots or tendrils; but, removed to the hot-house, the young internodes revolved at rates varying from 3 h. 15 m. to 1 h. 13 m.: at this latter unusually quick rate one large circle was swept; but generally the circles or ellipses were small, and sometimes the course pursued was extremely irregular. An internode

F1733    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1865. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. [Read 2 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 9: 1-118, 13 text figures.   Text   Image   PDF

measured lengths*. The main petiole carries three leaflets; but the short petioles of these leaflets are not sensitive. A young inclined shoot (the plant being in the greenhouse) made a large circle opposed to the course of the sun in 4 h. 20 m., but the next day, being very cold, the time was 5 h. 10 m. A stick placed near the revolving stem was soon struck by the petioles which stand out at right angles, and the revolving movement was arrested. The petiole then began, being excited by the contact

CUL-DAR110.A56    Note:    1865.04.19   Crossed 12 fl[owers] (white thread) of long-styled Pulmonaria   Text   Image

all fl. which had opened off one plant, at corner nearest greenhouse, see if these seed. N.B. whiles other sp was in flower, the bees sucked some on margins, whilst under net, so observe whether any in this position set seed.— No not more than elsewhere

CUL-DAR78.139-156    Note:    1866--1871   Cabbage [comparison of crossed and self-fertile plants in number of seed,   Text   Image

Barnes Cabbage— Jan 16— 1871 Young plants kept in greenhouse, raised from seed described in last page measured to tip of leaves [table not transcribed] 21

CUL-DAR78.122-131    Note:    [1866]--1871   Candytuft crimson — Iberis umbellata var Kermesiana [crossed vs   Text   Image

N. B. Under net in Greenhouse Lettington saw small fly, flying from flower to flower sucking. Hence it is just possible plants last year were not well protected the self were crossed, but not at all probable. — (June 26— 68 some seeds, germinated were sown on both sides of Pot with Calceolaria— crossed flowered first; but tallest crossed only 4 1/2 inch high tallest self 7 inches high — so selfs great advantage— (p 16

CUL-DAR78.122-131    Note:    [1866]--1871   Candytuft crimson — Iberis umbellata var Kermesiana [crossed vs   Text   Image

Crimson Candy-tuft 1869 June 5th 1869 measured the tips of Leaves Aug 2d. 1869 measured the end of Pods [Table, partly excised, not transcribed] Sept 9. 1869 The above Plants, left uncovered in greenhouse Pots rather small, so plants unproductive many capsules on all plants abundant Pot I Crossed Plants number of seed self-fert Plants number of seed I (3 plants) 74 79 III (4 Plants) 132 75 206 154 (I do not think there any evidence of the self-plant having become sterile.—) 16

CUL-DAR78.186-189    Note:    [1866]--1869   Marjoram [comparison of crossed and self-fertile plants in speed of   Text   Image

seed-shells; certainly those under net as forwards or more forwards than those exposed visited by insects.) (Nov. 2d the crossed seed on sand have protruded rootlets apparently quicker than the uncrossed certainly seem more vigorous.) Pot I. transplanted ∴ equal Kept in Hothouse Dec 30' moved into greenhouse Pot 2. do ― ―  ― greenhouse; larger Pot. (Dec. 1, Pot I no difference in plants hardly more than cotyledons developed. Pot. 2 crossed rather finest, — In sand self-fert. finest, but these

CUL-DAR78.122-131    Note:    [1866]--1871   Candytuft crimson — Iberis umbellata var Kermesiana [crossed vs   Text   Image

Iberis umbellata — Plants from last Page. Plants measured to tip of convex heads of flowers on July 1871. In Pots in greenhouse. — All the crossed plants, except those marked P. showed by their pale pink flowers, that they had been crossed— The self-plants rich purple. (—This good case of colour not blending, 6 of crossed plants exactly as purple as pure selfs — all the rest pale pink like ♂. —) (The refuse seed, more or less germinated was planted in 2 separate rows in open ground — The self

CUL-DAR78.139-156    Note:    1866--1871   Cabbage [comparison of crossed and self-fertile plants in number of seed,   Text   Image

planted then in Pot I in greenhouse. I also picked up Oct 18 all the crossed plants which were most advanced left the remainder in equal state to grow as well as they could in pure sand. — Oct 26. The crossed seedlings, as yet only with cotyledons in glass of sand pot, a little taller than the uncrossed. — Nov 2d only a shade taller.─ [21v

CUL-DAR78.186-189    Note:    [1866]--1869   Marjoram [comparison of crossed and self-fertile plants in speed of   Text   Image

Marjoram May 9' 1869 — Pot I, which from having been long kept in greenhouse did not like being turned out there is wonderful difference in the size of clump, which has increased by stolons. Crossed Self Pot I. plant 10 x 4 1/2 inch 3 1/2 x 2 1/2 tallest young stems   5 1/2 inches — 4 inches high Pot II.           18 x 9 inches tallest stem    8 1/2 inches 12 x 4 1/2 — 6 inches high Pot III. Both sides equal. — (Aug 2d. 1869 In Pot I II the inequality in the size of clumps remains about the

CUL-DAR78.192-196    Note:    [1866]--1867   Lupinus luteus [comparison of crossed and self-fertile plants in number   Text   Image

Pots, plants 4 inches to tip of leaves crossed rather finest tallest. — great difference in plants in red Calceolaria Pot) (Jun 20 In pot I, II III The self have flowered first!) (see next page for measurement) (31 C Lupinus luteus. The plants on p. 31. B in greenhouse have now arrived at full height. — [31Cv

CUL-DAR78.122-131    Note:    [1866]--1871   Candytuft crimson — Iberis umbellata var Kermesiana [crossed vs   Text   Image

Candy-tuft crimson in greenhouse 1867 The plants supposed to be crossed were artificially crossed ie whole capitulum smeared with pollen from distinct plant. 2 or 3 times 3 Heads thus done, produced 108 seed, which weighed 3.57 gr. Several Heads on plants which had been self-fert. were smeared with own pollen spont. self-fertilised under net these heads were quite as fine as the crossed heads. The seed was apparently finer, but hard to judge for it differed much in size from different heads

CUL-DAR78.133-137    Note:    [1866]--1868   Sweet pea [comparison of crossed and self-fertile plants in height,   Text   Image

Sweet Pea. 1867 in greenhouse. Two plants, descended from Painted Lady Purple crossed, had some 6 flowers crossed, produced 6 pods, with average of 6.0 (Max 7. Min 5) peas per pod— which 36 peas weighed 51.12 gr. Therefore 46 Peas would have weighed 65.32 gr. Ten pods spont. self-fert. under net on these crossed plants were saved they contained on average 4.6 peas per pod (with max. of 6 min of 3) these 46 peas weighed 62.77 gr. So crossed peas more numerous rather heavier. (A painted Lady

CUL-DAR78.183-185    Note:    [1866]--1868   Lobelia ramosa [comparison of crossed and self-fertile plants in number   Text   Image

advantage rather more of them being cracked. (Nov. 4th certainly the plumu radicles of crossed seed are now more fully protruded than in any of uncrossed.) Pot. I seeds were sowed on both sides, (but did not germinate well) Pot 2. seedlings equal transplanted — Hothouse Pot 3. do do. do Greenhouse (Dec. 1 Pot. 2. Hot House Crossed uncrossed equal, except one crossed tallest Pot 1. all equal. — March 31. crossed rather finest In sand, the crossed perhaps the healthiest. (Dec 16 Pot. 2. Crossed a

CUL-DAR78.72-111    Note:    1866--1872   Ipomoea purpurea / convolvulus [comparison of crossed and self-fertile   Text   Image

in feet (A) 7: 2 1/2 7:4 Self 4: 2 feet 7: 3 (A) 5: 2 Pot III Crossed 7: 3 1/2 feet 4: 6 1/2 4: 0 1/2 Self 5: 4 1/2 feet 3} 3: 2 1/2} aphides stopped growth add viz these 3 Pots Pot. IV. This pot was placed in Greenhouse near outside weather was cold, all 3 self were killed, 3 crossed have survived are twining though injured. Pot V. This pot. similarly placed, with 6 plants on each side. (over) [10Nv

CUL-DAR79.2-8    Note:    1866--1872   Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) A large bed of plants raised from   Text   Image

Greenhouse.— [38Bv

CUL-DAR70.58-60    Note:    1866.01.10--1866.03.19   From J Traherne Moggridge from Mentone received Dec 30 1865 [Ophrys   Text   Image

(3) March 19th 1866. No 4. (a) like D} 2 sticks Greenhouse But 2 spikes in same pot differed in colour of sepals petals (Jan 25th do. Both same 1867) One marked 1 stick has green petals edged with brown green sepals like B. Nr 4 (b) like C. but Labellum with no point N 4 (e) like B. (see Back) but with little point to Labellum Feb 4th 1867- like D in colour do do. do Nr 4 (f) like D. with Lab. approaching in colour to G. Jan. 25 /67/ the same but nothng peculiar in Labellum No 5. like C. but

CUL-DAR78.4-10    Note:    1866.06.18.--1869.04.23   Lythrum / Antirrhinum (peloric) / Myosotis alpestris / Cowslip-Polyanthus   Text   Image

hours 2 more had done so These plants germinated more freely or in greater numbers than those below. — [in margin:] The parents of the seed grown in greenhouse. For comparison sown in same glass, seeds of Cowslip-Poly, which had been spontaneously fert by both forms growing close together (see Exp. Book p. 79); but those plants were children of long- short styled Hom. plants heteromorphically fertilised. More than twice as many of these seeds sown. — ✔ Aug 2d. 10° P.m. interval 2 days 14 hr. one

CUL-DAR78.46-47    Note:    1866.08.00--1867.07.00   Calceolaria   Text   Image

(Calceolaria) Aug 22d 3° P.m. a great number of seeds have now germ. in both lots formed cotyledons; by holding up to light both lots in as nearly equal a state as possible; if any advantage the uncrossed have it so I picked up one or two tallest: now planted on each side of same pot placed in greenhouse. — Sept. 21st By holding pot horizontally I can now see that clump of tallest crossed plants are taller than tallest clump of uncrossed. Sept. 28 —The largest leaf of crossed here shown some

CUL-DAR76.B99    Note:    1867   Cuphea purpurea — At first many flowers were fertilised owing to my not   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (64 Cuphea purpurea. —1867 At first many flowers were fertilised, owing to my not knowing when stigma was mature, so no account kept of numbers crossed self-fertilised.— None set spontaneously.— Average of 6 crossed. 6.8. ― of 6 self-fert. 8.8. So of few pods self- gives largest average.— Crossed─ 8 3 12 6 6 6 Self-fert (In greenhouse) 14 10 16 3 8 2 6/41 6/53 (Keep) [calculations not transcribed] 112.8 say 113 Introduce often Rosaceæ Foot-not

CUL-DAR78.161-163    Note:    1867--1869   Verbascum lychnitis / These plants were raised from self-fertilised   Text   Image

capsules of placed in watch glasses, seemed not much different in number. — But the 4 by own flower pollen weighed 0.61 gr 4 by distinct plant of same parentage weighed 0.64 4 by wild plant, seemed clearly finer seed weighed 0 88. Planted in large flower pot on Oct. placed in greenhouse (2

CUL-DAR79.101-104    Note:    1867--1869   Papaver vagum from Dr E Bornet of Antibes / 10 flowers crossed with   Text   Image

Papaver vagum Pot I— Both Two plants on both sides in pale flowers Both crossed 23 inches high, self 25 1/2 high so taller!! July 6 /68/ Plants now in full flower.— Pot Crossed— Self-fertilised I 23 inches 22 25 1/2 25 III 20 1/2 21 IV Plants from 10-11 inches high not in flower self-plants rather the highest 1868 I crossed some myself some flowers on the plants in Greenhouse with care acted on young flowers, to prevent their having been first self-fertilised. — These plants from being grown

CUL-DAR108.122    Note:    1867.04.00   Some plants of C which flowered in Greenhouse last year have been placed   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [122] Some plants (see Back) of C. which flowered in Greenhouse last year, have been placed out of Pots in Orchard covered with net and flowers have been fert with pollen of own flower [122v

CUL-DAR108.123    Note:    1867.07.00   Cowslip-Polyanthus Long-styled C.C. seedlings of C artificially self-fert   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [123] 1867. July. Cowslip-Polyanthus Long-styled. C. C. seedlings of C. self artificially self-fert in Greenhouse in the spring.— Average of 5 pods 21.0 seed. 10 flowers were fertilised. [calculations not transcribed

CUL-DAR79.23-27    Note:    1868--1870   Nemophila insignis / 12 flowers crossed / 18 self fert   Text   Image

Nemophila insignis. 1870 Some plant on last page, in which the crossed selfs differed so greatly in development were allowed to seed excluded from insects. So self-plants, are self-fert for 2 generations. (Trained up sticks; greenhouse) [Table partly excised, not transcribed] All the plants grew very poorly in Pot 3 4 could hardly live died while young.— I cannot account for advantage of self-, as on both sides there was self-fertilisation — The case is a lesson of prudence — I suppose crossed

CUL-DAR79.30-41    Note:    1868--1871   Escholtzia californica / Crossed 12 fl Self fert 18 flowers   Text   Image

Escholtzia. July 5. 68 the growth of the tallest flower stems measured [Table excised] Plants in Pots in greenhouse 1868. Some Plants in the Pots were experimented on, so sterile 6 fl were crossed gave 3 pods, with moderate lot of seeds— 12 flower were self-fertilised by Lettington only 2 flow pods were spontaneously self-fertilised produced these contained very few seed — the best of 2 with only 14 seed. No pods were produced spontaneously.— The above plants on same pods were kept, after

F1742    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the character and hybrid-like nature of the offspring from the illegitimate unions of dimorphic and trimorphic plants. [Read 20 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 393-437.   Text   Image   PDF

. Nevertheless these plants were not very sterile; for 25 flowers, fertilized with their own pollen, produced 15 capsules, containing an average of 16.3 seeds. As already stated, the probable average with legitimate plants for a union of this nature is rather above 20 seeds. But it should be observed that these plants were remarkably healthy and vigorous, being placed under highly favourable conditions, and grown in pots in the greenhouse; and we shall hereafter have occasion to show that such treatment

CUL-DAR79.75-76    Note:    1868--1871   Broom / Pot I The three crossed plants very much healthiest and finest   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (63 A Broom 8 Plants on one side. (April 3. 68/ Pot I. The three crossed plants very much healthiest finest; tallest 3 1/4 high— tallest self- 3 inches. — in Pot II — The one crossed finer than the one self.— Four more young plants placed on each side of the same pot. ) so 5 on each side (June 14 68. the Pots were bedded out, unbroken, for plants began to look unhealthy in greenhouse; but thy, especially the self, suffered painfully from change. the

F879.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. [1868]. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. With a preface by Asa Gray. New York: Orange Judd and Co. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

without looking any more drawn than if it had stood in a common greenhouse; and Blanche Fleur seems as if made on purpose for growing in winter, like many bulbs, and to rest all summer. These odd constitutional peculiarities would fit a plant when growing in a state of nature for widely different circumstances and climates. Flowers possess little interest under our present point of view, because they have been almost exclusively attended to and selected for their beautiful colours, size

F877.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

reproduced their proper leaves and fruit; but the seedlings were not quite equal in merit to their parents. The red-fleshed orange, on the other hand, fails to reproduce itself. Gallesio also observed that the seeds of several other singular varieties all reproduced trees having a peculiar physiognomy, but partly resembling their parent-forms. I can adduce another case: the myrtle-leaved orange is ranked by all authors as a variety, but is very distinct in general aspect: in my father's greenhouse

F877.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

fertile, though sterile when left to themselves, for bees are unable to crawl into the narrow tubular flower. The peloric flowers of Corydalis solida, according to Godron,91 are barren; whilst those of Gloxinia are well known to yield plenty of seed. In our greenhouse Pelargoniums, the central flower of the truss is often peloric, and Mr. Masters informs me that he tried in vain during several years to get seed from these flowers. I likewise made many vain attempts, but sometimes succeeded in

F878.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

reproduced their proper leaves and fruit; but the seedlings were not quite equal in merit to their parents. The red-fleshed orange, on the other hand, fails to reproduce itself. Gallesio also observed that the seeds of several other singular varieties all reproduced trees having a peculiar physiognomy, but partly resembling their parent-forms. I can adduce another case: the myrtle-leaved orange is ranked by all authors as a variety, but is very distinct in general aspect: in my father's greenhouse

F878.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

fertile, though sterile when left to themselves, for bees are unable to crawl into the narrow tubular flower. The peloric flowers of Corydalis solida, according to Godron,91 are barren; whilst those of Gloxinia are well known to yield plenty of seed. In our greenhouse Pelargoniums, the central flower of the truss is often peloric, and Mr. Masters informs me that he tried in vain during several years to get seed from these flowers. I likewise made many vain attempts, but sometimes succeeded in

F879.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. [1868]. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. With a preface by Asa Gray. New York: Orange Judd and Co. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

another case; the myrtle-leaved orange is ranked by all authors as a variety, but is very distinct in general aspect: in my fathers greenhouse, during many years, it rarely yielded any seed, but at last produced one; and a tree thus raised was identical with the parent-form. Another and more serious difficulty in determining the rank of the several forms is that, according to Gallesio,16 they largely intercross without artificial aid; thus he positively states that seeds taken from lemon-trees (C

CUL-DAR79.158-161    Note:    1869   Phalaris (seed averages calculated) / Canary grass — treated just like   Text   Image

Canary grass. — treated just like maize — ie. Art. crossed roughly spont. self- - fert— seeds (May 28 1869 — two rows of seeds were sown out of doors, equally thick, but wonderfully more of crossed have come up — so that crossed row looks quite thick self row now quite thin.) (June 6. 1869.— Greenhouse measured to extreme tips.) (Aug. 24th 1869 measured to tips of tallest culm in each pot.) [table not transcribed] [Pot 1-3 note:] All the crossed plants (in rather small pots in greenhouse

CUL-DAR79.162-164    Note:    1869   Beet — seed from plant growing in group — & seed from solitary plant -   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (113 1869 Beet —seed from plant growing in group — seed from solitary plant— no additional aid. — (Jun 5 the row out of doors of self-plants has come up very badly L. [Lettington] turned up earth found that very many seed had germinated then died.) The seeds were sown on to 2 sides of 2 great Pots. Kept in Greenhouse in the 2 rows in open ground: the latter were protected during winter by a little straw, but many leaves were killed by the frost.— None

CUL-DAR79.42-43    Note:    1871   Esch[sch]oltzia (summary)   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (50H Escholtzia. 1871. The From the plants on pots in Greenhouse (on last page) 12 pods were gathered from each lot; but from the self-fert. lot 7 out of the 12 pods contained all or almost all bad seeds. In the other 2 lots several of the pods were bad. So that there were not enough pods to give fair average of seed. The averages, such as they were, were very low; being for the self-fert. plants only 28.8 seeds. It is clear that greenhouse is very

F2104    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Letters to Riley, 1871, 1881 and recollections of Darwin]. In Charles Valentine Riley, Darwin's work in entomology. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington DC 1: 70-80, pp. 77-80.   Text   PDF

In the brief hours I then spent at Down the proverbial modesty and singular simplicity and sweetness of his character were apparent, while the delight he manifested in stating facts of interest was excelled only by the eagerness with which he sought them from others, whether while strolling through the greenhouse or sitting round the generously spread table. Going to him as a young entomologist with no claim on his favor, he seemed to take delight in manifesting appreciation. I had occasion in

A2118    Periodical contribution:     F. W. B. 1871. Fertilisation of Leschenaultia formosa. Gardeners' Chronicle (26 August): 1103.   Text

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [page] 1103 It was Darwin who first pointed out that self-fertilisation was injurious in the long run, and this important fact we continually see confirmed by weighty evidence, not in the vegetable kingdom alone, but also in the animal world. I happened the other day to examine rather closely certain flowers of that somewhat uncommon greenhouse plant, Leschenaultia formosa, and was agreeably surprised to find it furnished with everything needed in

CUL-DAR55.69    Note:    1872.09.10   After rather cold night, plants in greenhouse at 8h 20 I routed several   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (p. 2A Sept 10th — After rather cold night, plant in greenhouse, at 8° 20' I routed several tent, 2 moved a little: I put on 3 bits of blue glass; 2 corks 2 cinders; all but the latter was carried inwards. I then put plant under Bell-glass with hot water raised temp to 75° 80˚; but when I routed several tentacles, repeatedly, not one moved 187

CUL-DAR209.12.85    Note:    [Undated]   Cassia bicapsularis / Cassia schinifolia / Cassia barclayana   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [85] Cassia bicapsularis (Kew) Ind. Or. occ. Madera like greenhouse var.— when shaken leaves become inclined a little— sleep in normal fashion.— 27 [-] 8 [=] 19° 67 [-] 33 [=] 34° Cassia Schinifolia = C. Barclayana. new. Holland no bloom on narrow the rigid leaves. At noon the many leaflets on opposite side of petiole lies in nearly a horizontal plane middle ones formed angle together of 104°. [sketch] At night they rise a little towards each other

CUL-DAR209.3.79    Note:    [Undated]   Red cabbage / Proof sheet of Forms of flowers, published pp. 182-3.   Text   Image

in the stem leaf how much in the stem. ) probably in chief part to the latter.) Lastly a full-grown cabbage had been kept for some time in a pot in the greenhouse, so that the head had become a little elongated with the leaves not close together: a long glass filament was fixed to the mid-rib of an almost central a leaf was 5 1/2 inches in length near the centre which was inclined at an angle of 44° above horizon, The movement obs was traced on a vertical glass. The plant was kept in complete

CUL-DAR209.14.15-16    Note:    [ny][.00]22--[ny][.00]24   Caladium esculentum   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (1 Caladium. esculentum (a common Greenhouse Plant) (sleeps) May be said to sleep Caladium esculentum vel Colocasia antiquorum Schott— this is first Proper name A young leaf only 4 inches in length from apex to forked base, with petiole only 3 1/4 high was observed under skylight glass-filament attached to forked brim traced on [sketch] vertical glass. Apex of forked base 11 inches from glass. When tracing rises the apex of leaf falls.— (Temp on 22d

CUL-DAR111.A43    Note:    1873.06.20   Cleistogene Flowers / Drosera rotundifolia kept in cool — Hot-House -   Text   Image

June 25. D. Anglica produces in greenhouse rather more perfect fl. showing more petals, aperture just open tempering, but hardly enough from insect to visit it — Pollen in shed, but remain round anthers in a cross penetrate the stigma

CUL-DAR209.12.135    Note:    1873.07.22--1873.07.30   Drosera [application of water]   Text   Image   PDF

my study, which was much cooler than greenhouse, all soon closed, shows that it is temperature in accordance with Pfeiffer. It is, however, odd that flower before with water at 98° closed— was it due to evaporation? Sunshine is not necessary for opening of flowers, for they opened on floor in morning when sun did not reach them. — I cd introduce this as * to show caution necessary about water not being the active agent

CUL-DAR209.12.89-119    Draft:    1873.10.07--1873.12.12   Desmodium gyrans / Draft of Expression (fragment).   Text   Image   PDF

in the least affected by the cold water. The greenhouse Cassia from cool hothouse put left in the cold water for 3h 10', had its leaflets a little beveled, which is the first movement in going to sleep. Cytisus [few words illeg]— Trifolium repens in greenhouse— Passiflora gracilis (which depresses leaves when asleep) Tobacco, (growing at out of doors, which slightly raises leaves) were none of them in the least affected.) Sensitivity See Back [29v

CUL-DAR66.26-27    Note:    1873.10.24--1873.10.26   Oxalis acetosella & sensitiva / Potted kept in cool Greenhouse I observed   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [26] Oct 24th /73/ Oxalis acetosella— sensitiva Potted kept in cool greenhouse. This morning I observed yesterday during very heavy rain that plant out of doors had leaves depressed, but as I have proved that cold thus acts I did not know whether it was beating of water or cold that acted; so this morning I syringed strongly the above plants with water at 72°; in a few minutes almost every leaf young old had 3 leaflets depressed on an average about 45

CUL-DAR66.26-27    Note:    1873.10.24--1873.10.26   Oxalis acetosella & sensitiva / Potted kept in cool Greenhouse I observed   Text   Image

Oxalis acetosella Oct 26 /73/7° 30' Am Plants in greenhouse at temp of 50° put 3 leaves in water of same temp. after 20' only trace of depression of leaflets— Put at same time other 3 leaves in water at 71°, after 20; only trace of depression. — I brushed several times lightly with my open hand the leaves of all the plants, after 3' perhaps a trace of effect after 20' a slight depression of som most of them I then syringed strongly the plants on one side of large pot with water at 62° the

CUL-DAR209.12.45-49    Note:    1873.11.00--1873.12.00   Cassia [application of water, sulphuric ether]   Text   Image   PDF

. 2d. at 12° 1° brought plant from Greenhouse shook it intentionally during journey for 2m.; leaflets were depressed at the end of journey.— Before starting I measured angle of main petiole of younger leaf (red thread) with the perpendicular it was 73° so was after the Journey.— A second leaf white wool older (third leaf on axis on stem) had angle before journey of 62 1/2° after journey of 71°, so it had fallen become depressed 8° 1/2; which is contrary movement to sleep movement of main petiole

CUL-DAR209.12.141-147    Note:    1873.11.07--1873.12.05   Eucalyptus globulus / Eucalyptus amygdalina [application of water, ether]   Text   Image   PDF

water.— Removed water on Dec. 7th 12° 10'; evaporated it, I think more matter than can be accounted for by dust during the 52°.— (Weather dark all the time) (Plant in cool Hothouse, not much warmer than greenhouse.) Dec. 9th no effect, but then weather whole time cloudy

CUL-DAR209.3.97    Note:    [ny].11.25   Cereus   Text   Image

shown.— Plant was moved 2 days previously previously from greenhouse to hot-House to accelerate growth.— (Dyer) Cereus speciosissimus. (garden var) (sometimes Phyllocactus multiflora

CUL-DAR209.12.162    Note:    1874.04.04   Robinia pseudo-acacia [application of water]   Text   Image   PDF

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [162] Robinia pseudo-acacia 1874 April 4th. Leaf expanded in greenhouse not very healthy — Syringed violently, terminal leaflets pretty well protected almost dry after shaking them, but some which looked unhealthy very wet.— I think younger leaflets certainly are depressed from the syringing the whole main petiole, I certainly think depressed. (Look at Elizabeth tree during rain.) — 9°. 45' P.m. H. F. brought me a leaf beautifully asleep, with all

CUL-DAR209.12.50    Note:    1874.05.01--1874.05.02   Cassia corymbosa [application of water]   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [50] Cassia corymbosa— Greenhouse May 1. 74. (12°) syringed with Hot-house water for 1m leaves became reflexed inverted, almost as if asleep, but did not touch as when (as I believe) asleep. The white (blooms?) surface is turned to stream of water. I rather suspect peduncle became depressed. did not soon recover open leaves. (May 2d I carried plant to Hothouse shook it slightly all the way, leaflets become a little depressed but nothing like what

CUL-DAR57.18    Note:    1874.05.07--1874.05.15   8 a.m / Six sticks with Black wisp / atoms of old albumen moistened with   Text   Image

tried were acid May 13' 8° 10. dusted with blue glass, particles of, first ascertained though without much care not acid. 8 or 9 leaves, in 10' much inflection. (Given below as caution) I have no doubt the explanation of this apparent anomaly, that the 8 cinders though not small did not act at all when placed on disc the 8 bits (rather large) of glass did acted very slightly only on few leaves, is due to cold weather the plates having been taken out very warm greenhouse — give this as caution

CUL-DAR59.1.157    Note:    [1874].07.18--[1874].07.22   Utricularia / Fed w[ith] cartilage 6.30 p.m   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [157] Utricularia July 18. Fed w cartilage 6.30 PM July 20 9.30 AM one bit has [illeg] slipped right in— In another of the pieces I could see that the glands were not inflected so as to touch it— 3 bit of Cartilage Raw Meat July 18— Put into a dish with 2 or 3 drops of raw meat infusion— (high) filled up with tank water— July 20— 9.30 AM— Globular glands opaque yellow much shrunk— — July 20 Examined specimens straight from GreenHouse found shrinking

CUL-DAR110.A12r    Draft:    [Undated]   Draft of `Cross and self fertilisation'?: 246 [top righthand quarter only]   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (246 [Left side and bottom of page excised] (246 (Primula) was first fertilised by pollen taken from ong-styled forms; the long-styled union again fertilised with The grandchildren thus raised, were carefully sel cultivated st in the greenhouse were very but when turned out of doors were became considerably sterile. The of fertilisation was continued from generations; the gr. gr. grandchildren to detract will be [illeg] given as long as they were

CUL-DAR91.95r-98r    Draft:    [Undated]   Drafts of Cross and self fertilisation, sheets 191-194, published pp. 101-103   Text   Image

Brassica but several grew extremely crooked, from having been drawn up to the light whilst in the greenhouse. As it was scarcely possible to measure their heights, the finest plant on each side of each pot was cut down close to the ground and weighted. In the following Table we have the result. Table 30. Cabbages Weight of whole plants after they had formed heads. No. of Pot Crossed plants from pollen of fresh stock Self-fertd: plants of the 3rd generation I 130 oz 18 2/4 oz II 74 34 3/4 III

F836    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. The movements and habits of climbing plants. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

Shoots of the Kidney-bean, cut off and placed in water, were similarly retarded, but in a less degree. I have repeatedly observed that carrying a plant from the greenhouse to my room, or from one part to another of the greenhouse, always stopped the movement for a time; hence I conclude that plants in a state of nature and growing in exposed situations, would not make their revolutions during very stormy weather. A decrease in temperature always caused a considerable retardation in the rate of

F1217    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

amount of inflection is utterly insignificant, as we shall hereafter see, compared with that caused by very weak solutions of several salts of ammonia. Plants which have lived for some time in a rather high temperature are far more sensitive to the action of water than those grown out of doors, or recently brought into a warm greenhouse. Thus in the above seventeen cases, in which the immersed leaves had a considerable number of tentacles inflected, the plants had been kept during the winter

CUL-DAR65.86r    Draft:    [Undated]   [of `Cross and self fertilisation'?] : 436   Text   Image

.* It is also anemophilous, that is, or it is fertilised by means of the wind; and of such plants only the common beet had alone been tried. Some plants of maize were grown raised in the greenhouse, and were crossed with pollen taken from a distinct plant; and a single plant, growing quite separately in a different part of the house, was allowed to fertilise itself spontaneously. The seeds thus obtained were placed on damp sand, and as they germinated were planted in pairs of equal age on the

F1217    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

The bladders are filled with water. They generally, but by no means always, contain bubbles of air. According to the quantity of the contained water and air, they vary much in thickness, but are always somewhat compressed. At an early stage of growth, the flat or ventral surface faces the axis or stem; but the footstalks must have some power of movement; for in plants kept in my greenhouse the ventral surface was generally turned either straight or obliquely downwards. The Rev. H.M. Wilkinson

F1217    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

in my greenhouse, that the odour is attractive. In this latter case the leaves may be compared with a baited trap; in the former case with a trap laid in a run frequented by game, but without any bait. That the glands possess the power of absorption, is shown by their almost instantaneously becoming dark-coloured when given a minute quantity of carbonate of ammonia; the change of colour being chiefly or exclusively due to the rapid aggregation of their contents. When certain other fluids are

F1217    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

weather. Those with the weakest solutions should be made on plants which have been kept for a considerable time in a warm greenhouse, or cool hothouse; but this is by no means necessary for trials with solutions of moderate strength. I beg the reader to observe that the sensitiveness or irritability of the tentacles was ascertained by three different methods-indirectly by drops placed on the disc, directly by drops applied to the glands of the outer tentacles, and by the immersion of whole leaves; and

F1220    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. New York: D. Appleton.   Text   Image   PDF

, extremely tough cartilage were cut from the end of a slightly roasted leg-bone of a sheep. These were placed on three leaves, borne by poor, small plants in my greenhouse during November; and it seemed in the highest degree improbable that so hard a substance would be digested under such unfavourable circumstances. Nevertheless, after 48 hrs., the cubes were largely dissolved and converted into minute spheres, surrounded by transparent, very acid fluid. Two of these spheres were completely

F2111    Book contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1896. [Recollections of Darwin and correspondence with Romanes, 1875-1881]. In E. D. Romanes ed., The life and letters of George John Romanes. 6th impression. London: Longmans, 1908.   Text

so young a plant by putting it in a greenhouse. Perhaps, therefore, you might pot it, as soon as it arrives, and keep it till I go up. If you do not care to take charge of it altogether, I can then get a home for it somewhere in the South. It will not require a deep pot, for I see that I have cut through the end of one of the roots. It would be as well, before potting, to cut off the end of the other root also, so that the one half may not grow longer than the other, and thus perhaps assert an

F1217    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

not reopen until nearly two days had passed, and was not even then in the least sensitive. After an additional day it recovered its powers, and closed on being touched and subsequently reopened. Another leaf behaved in nearly the same manner after a shorter exposure to this vapour. On the Manner in which Insects are caught. We will now consider the action of the leaves when insects happen to touch one of the sensitive filaments. This often occurred in my greenhouse, but I do not know whether

F1217    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

eight pairs of fine leaves, and the weather was favourable; the temperature of the room where the leaves were immersed varying from 75° to 81° (23°.8 to 27°.2 Cent.) In another trial with four pairs (included in the above twenty pairs), the temperature in my room was rather low, about 60° (15°.5 Cent.); but the plants had been kept for several days in a very warm greenhouse and thus rendered extremely sensitive. Special precautions were taken for this set of experiments; a chemist weighed for me a

F1217    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

in amount; but one such mass retained exactly the same form as before after an interval of 5 hrs., so that it could hardly have consisted of living protoplasm. These glands seem to have very little or no power of absorption, certainly much less than those of the foregoing plants. Mirabilis longiflora. The stems and both surfaces of the leaves bear viscid hairs. young plants, from 12 to 18 inches in height in my greenhouse, caught so many minute Diptera, Coleoptera, and larvae, that they were

F1220    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. Insectivorous plants. New York: D. Appleton.   Text   Image   PDF

those placed in the solutions and in water, were taken from plants which had been kept in a very warm greenhouse during the winter. They were thus rendered extremely sensitive, as was shown by water exciting them much more than in the previous experiments. Before giving my observations, it may be well to remind the reader that, judging from thirty-one fine leaves, the average number of tentacles is 192, and that the outer or exterior ones, the movements of which are alone significant, are to the

F880.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

the seedlings were not quite equal in merit to their parents. The red-fleshed orange, on the other hand, fails to reproduce itself. Gallesio also observed that the seeds of several other singular varieties all reproduced trees having a peculiar physiognomy, partly resembling their parent-forms. I can adduce another case: the myrtle leaved orange is ranked by all authors as a variety, but is very distinct in general aspect: in my father's greenhouse, during many years, it rarely yielded any fruit

F880.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

, according to Godron,95 are sometimes barren and sometimes fertile; whilst those of Gloxinia are well known to yield plenty of seed. In our greenhouse Pelargoniums, the central flower of the truss is often peloric, and Mr. Masters informs me that he tried in vain during several years to get seed from these flowers. I likewise made many vain attempts, but sometimes succeeded in fertilising them with pollen from a normal ————————————————— 89 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356. 90 'Teoria della Riproduzione

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, left uncovered in greenhouse, produced capsules in number(about) as 100 to 100 LUPINUS LUTEUS crossed and self-fertilised plants of the 2nd generation, left uncovered in the greenhouse, produced seeds in number (judged from only a few pods) as 100 to 88 PHASEOLUS MULTIFLORUS crossed and self-fertilised plants, left uncovered in greenhouse, produced seeds in number(about) as 100 to 100 LATHYRUS ODORATUS crossed and self-fertilised plants of the 2nd generation, left uncovered in the greenhouse

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

occasions with plants of the first generation of Nicotiana. The crossed plants always withstood the injurious effects of being suddenly removed into the open air after having been kept in the greenhouse better than did the self-fertilised. On several occasions they also resisted much better cold and intemperate weather. This was manifestly the case with some crossed and self-fertilised plants of Ipomoea, which were suddenly moved from the hothouse to the coldest part of a cool greenhouse. The

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

flowers; as they crawled into them, they rubbed against the bristles which project from the anthers, and became dusted with pollen. Veronica agrestis (Scrophulariaceae). Covered-up plants produced an abundance of seeds. I do not know whether any insects visit the flowers; but I have observed Syrphidae repeatedly covered with pollen visiting the flowers of V. hederaefolia and chamoedrys. Mimulus luteus (Scrophulariaceae). Highly self-fertile. Calceolaria (greenhouse variety) (Scrophulariaceae

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

maturity only a pair of plants, which were kept in a pot in the greenhouse. The crossed plant grew to a height of 33 inches, and the self-fertilised to that of 26 1/2 inches. The former produced, whilst still kept in the greenhouse, eight pods, containing on an average 2.77 seeds; and the latter only two pods, containing on an average 2.5 seeds. The average height of the two crossed plants of the two [page] 15

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

conditions in pots in the greenhouse. As long as they were cultivated in this manner, they grew well and were healthy and fertile. Their fertility even increased in the later generations, as if they were becoming habituated to illegitimate fertilisation. Plants of the first illegitimate generation when taken from the greenhouse and planted in moderately good soil out of doors grew well and were healthy; but when those of the two last illegitimate generations were thus treated they became exces- * See

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

TABLE D.—continued. PETUNIA VIOLACEA left uncovered as above: offspring of plants self-fertilised for four generations and then crossed by a fresh stock, compared with plants of the 5th self- fertilised generation, produced seeds, as judged by the weight of an equal number of capsules as 100 to 46 CYCLAMEN PERSICUM crossed and self-fertilised plants, left uncovered in the greenhouse, produced capsules in number as 100 to 12 ANAGALLIS COLLINA crossed and self-fertilised plants, left uncovered

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

. In the successive generations they were exposed to slightly different conditions as the seasons varied, and they were raised at different periods. But in other respects all were treated alike, being grown in pots in the same artificially prepared soil, being watered at the same time, and kept close together in the same greenhouse or hothouse. They were [page] 2

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

first in a cool greenhouse. Early in January their heights were measured to the tips of their leaves. The thirteen crossed plants averaged 13.16 inches in height, and the twelve (for one had died) self-fertilised plants averaged 13.7 inches, or as 100 to 104; so that the self-fertilised plants exceeded by a little the crossed plants. TABLE XXX. Weights of Plants after they had formed Heads. No. of Pot. Crossed Plants from Pollen of fresh Stock. Self-fertilised Plants of the Third Generation. I

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

inches. 467.5 368.0 The eight tallest crossed plants now averaged 58.43, and the eight tallest self-fertilised plants 46 inches in height, or as 100 to 79. There was also a great difference in the fertility of the two lots which were left uncovered in the greenhouse. On the 17th of September the capsules from all the plants were gathered, and the seeds counted. The crossed plants yielded 243, whilst the same number of self-fertilised plants yielded only 155 seeds, or as 100 to 64. Limnanthes

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

present case. The seeds were placed on sand, and after germinating were planted in pairs on the opposite sides of five pots, which were kept in the greenhouse. When the seedlings were from 2 to 3 inches in height, most of the crossed had a slight advantage over the self-fertilised. The plants were trained up sticks, and thus grew to a considerable height. In four out of the five pots a crossed plant flowered before any one of the self-fertilised. TABLE LXXII. Nemophila insignis; O means that the

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

flowers the stamens are considerably shorter than the pistil, in others equal to it in length. I suspected, therefore, but erroneously as it proved, that this plant was dimorphic, like Primula, Linum, etc., and in the year 1862 twelve plants, covered by a net in the greenhouse, were subjected to trial. The spontaneously self-fertilised flowers yielded 64 grains weight of seeds, but the product of fourteen artificially crossed flowers is here included, which falsely increases the weight of the

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

large pot (III.), the seedlings being afterwards thinned, so that an equal number was left on each side; the three tallest on each side being measured. The pots were kept in the greenhouse, and the plants were trained up sticks. For some time the young crossed plants had no advantage in height over the self-fertilised; but their leaves were larger. When fully grown and in flower the plants were measured, as follows: TABLE LXXVI. Petunia violacea (First Generation). No. of Pot. Crossed Plants

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

also anemophilous, or is fertilised by the wind; and of such plants only the common beet had been tried. Some plants were raised in the greenhouse, and were crossed with pollen taken from a distinct plant; and a single plant, growing quite separately in a different part of the house, was allowed to fertilise itself spontaneously. The seeds thus obtained were placed on damp sand, and as they germinated in pairs of equal age were planted on the opposite sides of four very large pots

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, Hildebrand observed || that H. grandiflorum was highly self-sterile, whilst H. procumbens was fairly self-fertile. ('Jahrb. für wiss. Botanik' B. 7 page 464.) Thunbergia alata kept by me in a warm greenhouse was self-sterile early in the season, but at a later period produced many spontaneously self-fertilised fruits. So it was with Papaver vagum: another species, P. alpinum, was found by Professor H. Hoffmann to be quite self-sterile excepting on one occasion; whilst P. somniferum has been with me

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

two other pots, IV. and V. These pots had been kept in the hothouse, but from want of room were, whilst the plants were young, suddenly moved during very cold weather into the coldest part of the greenhouse. They all suffered greatly, and never quite recovered. After a fortnight only two of the nine self-fertilised seedlings were alive, whilst seven of the crossed survived. The tallest of these latter plants when measured was 47 inches in height, whilst the tallest of the two surviving self

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

bring the pollen-covered hairs, with which the lower surface is clothed, into contact with the stigma by either of which means self-fertilisation might be effected. Seeds from the above crossed and self-fertilised capsules, after germinating on bare sand, were planted in pairs on the opposite sides of five moderately-sized pots, which were kept in the greenhouse. The plants after a time appeared starved, and were therefore, without being disturbed, turned out of their pots, and planted in the

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

Early in the spring the plants were gradually hardened, and turned out of their pots into the open ground without being disturbed. By the end of August the greater number had formed fine heads, but several grew extremely crooked, from having been drawn up to the light whilst in the greenhouse. As it was scarcely possible to measure their heights, the finest plant on each side of each pot was cut down close to the ground and weighed. In Table XXX. we have the result. The six finest crossed

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

inches, and that of the seven self-fertilised plants 16.39, or as 100 to 86. But as the plants on the self-fertilised side grew very unequally, this ratio cannot be fully trusted, and is probably too high. In both pots a crossed plant flowered before any one of the self-fertilised. These plants were left uncovered in the greenhouse; but from being too much crowded they were not very productive. The seeds from all seven plants of both lots were counted; the crossed produced 206, and the self

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

yielded these capsules were grown in pots in the greenhouse, so that their absolute productiveness must not be compared with that of plants growing out of doors. The above three lots of seeds, namely, the self-fertilised, intercrossed, and English-crossed, were planted in an equal state of germination (having been as usual sown on bare sand) in nine large pots, each divided into three parts by superficial partitions. Many of the self-fertilised seeds germinated before those of the two crossed

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, and the pots, which were much too small, were kept in the greenhouse. The plants in consequence grew badly, and the self-fertilised suffered most in both pots. The two crossed plants when in flower during the following spring were 9 inches in height; one of the self-fertilised plants was 8, and the three others only 3 inches in height, being thus mere dwarfs. The two crossed plants produced thirteen pods, whilst the four self-fertilised plants produced only a single one. Some other self-fertilised

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

pollen from a distinct plant growing in the same row, and others were allowed to fertilise themselves under a net. The two lots of seeds thus obtained were sown on opposite sides of two large pots, but only four pairs came up at the same time. The pots were kept in the greenhouse. The seedlings of both lots when between 6 and 7 inches in height were equal. When nearly full-grown they were measured, as in the following table: TABLE LVII. Pisum sativum. No. of Pot. Crossed Plants. Self-fertilised

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

flowers contained on an average 4.1 seeds, so that these were the most productive of all; and the seeds themselves looked finer even than those from the crossed perfect flowers. The seeds from the crossed perfect flowers and from the self-fertilised cleistogene flowers were allowed to germinate on sand; but unfortunately only two pairs germinated at the same time. These were planted on the opposite sides of the same pot, which was kept in the greenhouse. In the summer of the same year, when the

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

worth speaking of between the two lots in height; though other great advantages are derived, as we have seen, from cross-fertilisation. From being grown in pots and kept in the greenhouse, none of the plants produced any capsules. Lobelia ramosa.* Var. Snow-flake. The well-adapted means by which cross-fertilisation is ensured in this genus have been described by several authors.† The pistil as it slowly increases in length pushes the pollen out of the conjoined anthers, by the aid of a ring of

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, whence my plants originally came, a fresh plant differing in no respect from mine except in the colour of the flowers, which was a fine purple. But this plant must have been exposed during at least four generations to very different conditions from those to which my plants had been subjected, as these had been grown in pots in the greenhouse. Eight flowers on the self-fertilised plants in Table LXXXI., of the last or fourth self-fertilised generation, were fertilised with pollen from this fresh

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

green than those of the intercrossed and self-fertilised plants. Relative Fertility of the Three Lots of Plants. None of the plants in pots in the greenhouse ever produced a capsule; and this may be attributed in chief part to the exclusion of moths. Therefore the fertility of the three lots could be judged of only by that of the plants growing out of doors, which from being left uncovered were probably cross-fertilised. The plants in the three rows were exactly of the same age and had been

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

capsule for the crossed and self-fertilised flowers. The flowers hang downwards, and as the stigmas stand close beneath the anthers, it might have been expected that pollen would have fallen on them, and that they would have been spontaneously self-fertilised; but these covered-up plants did not produce a single capsule. On some other occasions uncovered plants in the same greenhouse produced plenty of capsules, and I suppose that the flowers had been visited by bees, which could hardly fail to

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

of the fourth illegitimate generation (i.e., great-great-grandchildren of plants which had been legitimately fertilised), growing vigorously in pots in the greenhouse, were legitimately fertilised with pollen from an almost wild short-styled cowslip, and these flowers yielded some fine capsules. Thirty other flowers on the same illegitimate plants were fertilised with their own pollen, and these yielded seventeen capsules, containing on an average thirty-two seeds. This is a high degree of

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

height of all the plants of the ten generations 73 85 84 73 66 02 '' '' 77 Mimulus luteus three first generations, before the new and taller self-fertilised variety appeard 10 8 19 10 5 29 '' '' 65 Digitalis purpurea 16 51 33 8 35 87 '' '' 70 Calceolaria (common greenhouse variety) 1 19 50 1 15 00 '' '' 77 Linaria vulgaris 3 7 08 3 5 75 '' '' 81 Verbascum thapsus 6 65 34 6 56 50 '' '' 86 Vandellia nummularifolia crossed and self-fertilised plants, raised from perfect flowers 20 4 30 20 4 27

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

from plants which had been raised from seed procured from a garden at Chelsea. The Chelsea plants bore yellow flowers blotched with red, but differed in no other respect. They had been grown out of doors, whilst mine had been cultivated in pots in the greenhouse for the last eight generations, and in a different kind of soil. The seedlings raised from this cross with a wholly different stock may be called the Chelsea-crossed. The three lots of seeds thus obtained were allowed to germinate on

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

tilised with their own pollen, produced 15 capsules, containing an average of 16 3 seeds. As already stated, the probable average with legitimate plants for a union of this nature is rather above 20 seeds. These plants were remarkably healthy and vigorous, as long as they were kept under highly favourable conditions in pots in the greenhouse; and such treatment greatly increases the fertility of the cowslip. When these same plants were planted during the next year (which, however, was an

CUL-DAR66.121-128    Note:    1877--1878   Leaves — Right-side cleaned of bloom [with tepid water]   Text   Image

no injury, but on 27th whole space where sponge was quite brown much injured!!! I think this must have been effect of water, for bloom so apt to be removed, no flower-stem wd be perfect if its removal sufficed to cause injury (a) July 25 Œnantha fistulosa cleaned whole of 2 stalks leaves: bloom poor, — not worth trying — white wool — (Sept 11th bloom apparently removed.) Dec 13 no effect July 25 Aquilegia glandulosa — cleaned 2 leaflets, young plants, Greenhouse white wool— cannot be well

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

cowslips of both forms, protected from insects in my greenhouse, did not set one pod, though artificially fertilised flowers in other pots produced an abundance. We thus see that the visits of insects are absolutely necessary for the fertilisation of Primula veris. If the corolla of the long-styled form had dropped off, instead of remaining attached in a withered state to the ovarium, the anthers attached to the lower part of the tube with some pollen still adhering to them would have been

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, and the female organs of the long-styled form in a more or less complete state, they spontaneously produced a surprising number of capsules, which generally contained a large average of remarkably fine seeds. With ordinary cowslips, legitimately fertilised, I once obtained from plants cultivated in the greenhouse the high average, from seven capsules, of 58 7 seeds, with a maximum in one capsule of 87 seeds; but from plants grown out of doors I never obtained a higher average than 41 seeds. Now

CUL-DAR66.166v    Note:    1877.06.30   Greenhouse bushy Coronilla — Both surfaces of leaves silvery   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [166v] June 30th 77. Southampton — Greenhouse bushy. Coronilla — Both surfaces of leaves silvery. — It is rather of that young leaves very imperfectly silvery somewhat wetted by immersion.— It is only the young leaves which go to sleep the movement slight, the terminal leaflet turns a little up so as to be vertical or with lower surface obliquely towards the sky (as in clovers) with next 2 lateral leaflets turned a little towards each other, but they

F2093    Periodical contribution:     Timiriazev, Kliment. [1877]. A visit to Darwin at Down. From: Historical note K. A. Timiriazev: A visit to Darwin, with notes by Leon Bell. Archipelago 9 (2006): 44-58.   Text

insectivorous plants. In spite of the fact that it was a hot July day (albeit a cloudy one) and the greenhouse was within a short walking distance, his wife and son brought a short overcoat and the soft felt hat that are so famous now from his photographs. In front of the verandah there was a large English lawn trimmed like velvet on which you could nevertheless walk freely, sit or lie about. The flowerbeds were nothing special. The greenhouse in the opposite corner of the garden was small, the

CUL-DAR66.143    Note:    [1877].08.05--[1877].09.21   Papaver somniferus / 4h pm removed bloom from 5 young pods & peduncles in   Text   Image

it very odd that the pods on plant s out of doors have their stigmas, both cleaned uncleaned equally dry. I rather suspect peduncles of those out of doors are rather browner. — Sept. 21. compared pods, not perfectly mature, in greenhouse out of doors, which had been cleaned with bloom — perhaps peduncles a shade browner. Put those on plant out of doors to dry in window — white wool cleaned pods. Poppy greenhous

CUL-DAR209.10.68-69    Note:    1877.08.17   Dwarf Kidney Bean — Greenhouse   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [68] Down Aug 17th. 1877 Horace Dwarf Kidney Bean — Greenhouse Observed angles of both parts of petiole of two leaves at 12 midday and at 10. 15 P.M. of two leaves, one very young, the other fully developed. [Fig] [Table] I think that The movement of one part of the petiole relatively to the other is so small (2°1/2 nd 1 1/4°) that it may be accounted for by errors of observation, especially in the young leaf as the upper part of the petiole was very

CUL-DAR209.14.151-154    Note:    1877.09.03--1877.09.13   Tropaeolum minus / Tropaeolum canariense   Text   Image

leaves certainly less vertical than they were last night. Sept. 13' Put plants in greenhouse, went at night but cd see no signs of plain sleep. — (

CUL-DAR209.1.71    Note:    [1877].09.04   Lupinus menziesii (California) [with diagram]   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [71] Lupinus menziesii. —(California) Sept. 4 2° 30' P.M. morning [annotated diagram] (B) Pet Pet older at right angles to A The 2 leaves B at the same distance apart at night as at day [annotated diagram] asleep 2 opposite petioles A Pet Pet Black wool Stars sub-horizontal or generally slightly inclined to light 8° 15' P.m. The stars almost as horizontal as at during day. (Keep in greenhouse see if will then go to sleep) (of no use) Petioles rose a

CUL-DAR209.1.79-80    Note:    [1877].09.11--[1877].10.06   Lupinus subcarnosus   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [79] Lupinus sub-carnosus Sept 11. shorter leaves form horizontal stars at night; taller ones with leaflets deflexed— put into greenhouse. First leaves have only 3 leaflets. L. Douglasi [Nachipalensis] (6) horizontal stars at night sent to greenhouse [80

CUL-DAR209.14.49    Note:    1877.09.14   Nicotiana glauca   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [49] Sept 14. 77 Nicotiana glauca Plant old terminal leaflets hardy g do not visibly go to sleep.— fixed long bristle to midrib traced course on horizontal planes of glass over it. — as shown from 7° 23' A.m. to 8° 30' P.m. — see diagram. F. also observed both leaves in water they certainly move like most sleeping plants — confirm Pfeffer on N. rustica. — The above leaf stood highly inclined with back to front of greenhouse upper surface to roof of do

CUL-DAR209.1.81-82    Note:    1877.10.05--1877.10.11   Lupinus arboreus   Text   Image

1877 Lupinus arboreus Oct 11 moderately young leaf facing light, in nearly position which had stood in greenhouse considerably inclined — Bristle fixed along middle of one of longest leaflets, which extended transversely vertical glass 13 2/8 of inch to pointed card behind leaf. card from end of bristle 1 7/8 of inch. From 8° 40' to 10° 14' went down; then rose z:zagged greatly to 2. 49'; then rose to 3: 57. Then began to fall, which was incipient sleep movement; downward movement rapid, but

CUL-DAR209.1.115    Note:    1877.10.24   Melilotus officinalis   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [115] Melilotus officinalis 1877 Oct. 24 Old Plant put facing study window in same position as during weeks in greenhouse, with most of leaves hanging down vertically facing light.— Traced on vertical glass.— Right-Hand Diagram B stem tied showing nutation movement of whole leaf, but there was little movement as terminal leaflet depended vertically, but there was some. This diagram magnified 7.5 times. Left-Hand. Diagram A This more interesting, as it

CUL-DAR209.4.20    Note:    1877.10.30--1877.10.31   Allium cepa   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [20] Oct 30 (77) Seedling Onions (Used) Long glass-filament fixed to stem to diverticulum on distal portion which rises doubled back [sketch] Kept in dark traced on Horizontal glass; but the tracing failed for both points swept from wes N.E to S W so much that twice I had to move pot, then by 1° moved off glass, was so next morning— I can only conjecture that had in greenhouse bent to light was recovering all day its upright position, through negative

SHC-9609.4.3.2    Note:    1877.11.00   Notebook on books read etc.   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [1] Nov. 25 to 27. 1877 A very pleasant visit at Down ─ C.D in particular force his own health: the return of the Litchfields, she looking very well he promising for total recovery:1 and W. Ds marriage all made the house very cheerful.2 Francis Galton there interesting. C.D was out hour by hour from 7.30 till dark walking slowly to his greenhouse alone ─ with straw hat and short cloak ─ eyes on ground ─ taking measurements of movements of plants which

CUL-DAR209.4.42-43    Note:    1877.11.03--1877.11.10   Common Beet Beta vulgaris   Text   Image

hardly be normally an upward or closing movement during the morning, as they close during night; there certainly must be a rising movement in the Evening. Therefore I believe that the complete darkness altogether put out all the normal movement. It is especially noteworthy that after being kept dark all day, they the Cots did not go to sleep at night at 10° 30' P.m; being kept dark during whole night were not asleep next morning at 7° a.m.) (Nov. 7th After being all day in greenhouse but day very

CUL-DAR209.4.51    Note:    1877.11.27--1877.11.29   Beet seedlings Beta vulgaris   Text   Image

Nov. 29th The cots were widely open today in greenhouse, the short brown paper tube having been removed, ∴ I think the small angle which the Cots formed together yesterday was due to the direction in which ؟؟ light fell on them from above: to night 10° P.m, only 1 of the 4 white threads almost closed, the 3 others being much more closed than during the day.— Of the 12 with black threads none closed, though the cots much raised of most of seedlings— Nov. 30' 10° P.m. Cots. seem hardy at all

F1782    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. Growth under difficulties. Gardeners' Chronicle 8 (29 December): 805.   Text   Image   PDF

Darwin, C. R. 1877. Growth under difficulties. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 8 (29 December): 805. [page] 805 GROWTH UNDER DIFFICULTIES. [...] The following communication, with which we have been favoured by Mr. Darwin, affords us another illustration of similar character:— The enclosed branch of Cotyledon (Echeveria stolonifera was cut from a plant growing in my greenhouse, and was suspended on August 10 in my study, which is a dry room, and in which a fire burns most of the

CUL-DAR209.4.397-398    Draft:    [1877?].12.17--[1877?].12.18   Tropaeolum / Draft of Cross and self fertilisation.   Text   Image

sometimes produced Corydalis C. halleri is only slightly self-sterile, and C. intermedia not at all so. *(*Botany Zeitung June 27 1873). In another Fumariaceous genus Hypercoum, Hildebrand observed *(*Jahrb. für Wiss. Botanik Bd VII p 464) that H grandiflorum was highly self-sterile, whilst H procumbens was fairly self-sterile. Thunbergia alata kept by me in a warm greenhouse was self-fertile sterile early in the season, but at a later period produced spontaneously many self-fertilised fruit. So it

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

the cases which follow that this result was accidental, owing to only a few plants having been measured, and to one of the self-fertilised plants having grown only to a height of 15 inches. The plants had been kept in the greenhouse, and from being drawn up to the light had to be tied to sticks in this and the following trials. They were measured to the summits of their flower-stems. The four crossed plants here average 29 68 inches, and the four self-fertilised 25 56 in height; or as 100 to

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

hemisphere, with a complete reversal of the seasons, were thus rendered slightly self-fertile, whereas they seem always to be completely self-sterile in their native home. Senecio cruentus (greenhouse varieties, commonly called Cinerarias, probably derived from several fruticose or herbaceous species much intercrossed*). Two purple-flowered varieties were placed under a net in the greenhouse, and four corymbs on each were repeatedly brushed with flowers from the other plant, so that their

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

three long rows, however, were not of quite equal lengths, and the plants were much crowded, so that it would have been extremely difficult to have ascertained how many capsules were produced by them, even if I had been willing to undertake so laborious a task as to collect and count all the capsules. But this was feasible with the plants grown in pots in the greenhouse; and although these were much less fertile than those growing out of doors, their relative fertility appeared, after

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

The self-fertilised peas were, however, quite as heavy as those from the crossed pods. From these two lots of seeds, the plants of the next generation were raised. Plants of the Second Generation. Many of the self-fertilised peas just referred to germinated on sand before any of the crossed ones, and were rejected. As soon as I got equal pairs, they were planted on the opposite sides of two large pots, which were kept in the greenhouse The seedlings thus raised were the grandachildren of the

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

; and to the summits of their male flowers, 53 96 and 43 45 inches; or as 100 to 80. PHALARIS CANARIENSIS. Hildebrand has shown in the paper referred to under the last species, that this hermaphrodite grass is better adapted for cross-fertilisation than for self-fertilisation. Several plants were raised in the greenhouse close together, and their flowers were mutually intercrossed. Pollen from a single plant growing quite separately was collected and placed on the stigmas of the same plant. The

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

vigour to the crossed. My attention was now thoroughly aroused, for I could hardly doubt that the difference between the two beds was due to the one set being the offspring of crossed, and the other of self-fertilised flowers. Accordingly I selected almost by hazard two other plants, which happened to be in flower in the greenhouse, namely, [page] 1

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

and self-fertilised generations Small amount of pollen in the anthers of the self-fertilised plants of the later generations, and the sterility of their first-produced flowers Uniform colour of the flowers produced by the self-fertilised plants The advantage from a cross between two distinct plants depends on their differing in constitution. A PLANT of Ipom a purpurea, or as it is often called in England the convolvulus major, a native of South America, grew in my greenhouse. Ten flowers on

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

inches in height; or as 100 to 84. When fully grown they were again measured, but from want of time only a single plant on each side was measured; so that I have thought it best to give the earlier measurements. At the later period the three tallest crossed plants still exceeded considerably in height the three tallest self-fertilised, but not in quite so great a degree as before. The pots were left uncovered in the greenhouse, but whether the flowers were intercrossed by bees or self-fertilised

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

flowered before the crossed! The measurements are given in the following table: TABLE LII. Lupinus luteus. No. of Pot. Crossed Plants. Self-fertilised Plants. Inches. Inches. I. 33 2/3 24 4/8 30 4/8 18 4/8 30 28 II. 29 4/8 26 30 25 III. 30 4/8 28 31 27 2/8 31 4/8 24 4/8 Total in inches. 246 25 201 75 The eight crossed plants here average 30 78, and the eight self-fertilised 25 21 inches in height; or as 100 to 82. These plants were left uncovered in the greenhouse to set their pods, but they

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

preceding table. The twelve crossed plants now averaged 33 28, and the ten self-fertilised 19 9 inches in height, or as 100 to 60; so that they differed somewhat less than before. The plants in Pots III. and V. were placed under a net in the greenhouse, two of the crossed plants in the latter pot being pulled up on account of the death of two of the self-fertilised; so that altogether six crossed and six self-fertilised plants were left to fertilise themselves spontaneously. The pots were rather

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

sides of a large pot (III.), the seedlings being afterwards thinned, so that an equal number was left on each side; the three tallest on each side being measured. The pots were kept in the greenhouse, and the plants were trained up sticks. For some time the young crossed plants had no advantage in height over the self-fertilised; but their leaves were larger. When fully grown and in flower the plants were measured, as follows: TABLE LXXVI. Petunia violacea (First Generation). No. of Pot. Crossed

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

also anemophilous, or is fertilised by the wind; and of such plants only the common beet had been tried. Some plants were raised in the greenhouse, and were crossed with pollen taken from a distinct plant; and a single plant, growing quite separately in a different part of the house, was allowed to fertilise itself spontaneously. The seeds thus obtained were placed on damp sand, and as they germinated in pairs of equal age were planted on the opposite sides of four very large pots

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

observed || that H. grandiflorum was highly self-sterile, whilst H. procumbens was fairly self-fertile. Thunbergia alata kept by me in a warm greenhouse was self-sterile early in the season, but at a later period produced many spontaneously self-fertilised fruits. So it was with Papaver vagum: another species, P. alpinum, was found by Professor H. Hoffmann to be quite selfsterile excepting on one occasion; whilst P. somniferum has been with me always completely self-fertile. Eschscholtzia

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

two other pots, IV. and V. These pots had been kept in the hot-house, but from want of room were, whilst the plants were young, suddenly moved during very cold weather into the coldest part of the greenhouse. They all suffered greatly, and never quite recovered. After a fortnight only two of the nine self-fertilised seedlings were alive, whilst seven of the crossed survived. The tallest of these latter plants when measured was 47 inches in height, whilst the tallest of the two surviving self

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

bring the pollen-covered hairs, with which the lower surface is clothed, into contact with the stigma by either of which means self-fertilisation might be effected. Seeds from the above crossed and self-fertilised capsules, after germinating on bare sand, were planted in pairs on the opposite sides of five moderately-sized pots, which were kept in the greenhouse. The plants after a time appeared starved, and were therefore, without being disturbed, turned out of their pots, and planted in the

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

Early in the spring the plants were gradually hardened, and turned out of their pots into the open ground without being disturbed. By the end of August the greater number had formed fine heads, but several grew extremely crooked, from having been drawn up to the light whilst in the greenhouse. As it was scarcely possible to measure their heights, the finest plant on each side of each pot was cut down close to the ground and weighed. In the preceding table we have the result. The six finest

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

The average height of the seven crossed plants is here 19 12 inches, and that of the seven self-fertilised plants 16 39, or as 100 to 86. But as the plants on the self-fertilised side grew very unequally, this ratio cannot be fully trusted, and is probably too high. In both pots a crossed plant flowered before any one of the self-fertilised. These plants were left uncovered in the greenhouse; but from being too much crowded they were not very productive. The seeds from all seven plants of both

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

yielded these capsules were grown in pots in the greenhouse, so that their absolute productiveness must not be compared with that of plants growing out of doors. The above three lots of seeds, viz., the self-fertilised, intercrossed,and English-crossed, were planted in an equal state of germination (having been as usual sown on bare sand) in nine large pots, each divided into three parts by superficial partitions. Many of the self-fertilised seeds germinated before those of the two crossed lots

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

pot were measured to the tops of their stems. The pots were placed in the greenhouse, and the plants trained up sticks, so that they ascended to an unusual height. In three of the pots the crossed plants flowered first, but in the fourth at the same time with the self-fertilised. When the seedlings were between 6 and 7 inches in height, the crossed began to [page] 14

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

five crossed plants in 86 inches, and that of the five self-fertilised plants 82 35; or as 100 to 96. The pots were kept in the greenhouse, and there was little or no difference in the fertility of the two lots. Therefore as far as these few observations serve, the advantage gained by a cross is very small. * 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, pp. 573, 577. [page] 15

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

green as those of the crossed seedlings. The pots were kept in the greenhouse, and as the plants in the following spring (1868) looked unhealthy and had grown but little, they were plunged, still in their pots, into the open ground. The plants all suffered much from the sudden change, especially the self-fertilised, and two of the latter died. The reminder were measured, and I give the measurements in the following table, because I have not seen in any other species so great a difference between

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

germinating on sand, were planted in pairs on the opposite sides of Pots II. and III., which were at first kept in the greenhouse and then turned out of doors. The plants were measured when in full flower. The following table, therefore, includes plants belonging to two generations. When the seedlings of the two lots were only 5 or 6 inches in height they were equal. In Pot III. one of the self-fertilised plants died before flowering, as has occurred in so many other cases. * The Composit are

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

; and they flowered so much earlier in all the pots, that the height of the flower-stems could be fairly compared only in Pots I. and II. * G rtner has shown that certain plants of Lobelia fulgens are quite sterile with pollen from the same plant, though this pollen is efficient on any other individual; but none of the plants on which I experimented, which were kept in the greenhouse, were in this peculiar condition. N 2 [page] 18

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

pot. The pots were kept in the greenhouse, and the plants trained up sticks. They were first measured to the tops of their stems when coming into flower; and the twenty-two Westerham-crossed plants then averaged 25 51 inches; the twenty-three intercrossed plants 30 38; and the twenty-three self-fertilised plants 23 40 inches in height. We thus get the following ratios: The Westerham-crossed plants in height to the self-fertilised as 100 to 91 The Westerham-crossed plants in height to the

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

capsule for the crossed and self-fertilised flowers. The flowers hang downwards, and as the stigmas stand close beneath the anthers, it might have been expected that pollen would, have fallen on them, and that they would have been spontaneously self-fertilised; but these covered-up plants did not produce a single capsule. On some other occasions uncovered plants in the same greenhouse produced plenty of capsules, and I suppose that the flowers had been visited by bees, which could hardly fail to

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

-grandchildren of plants which had been legitimately fertilised), growing vigorously in pots in the greenhouse, were legitimately fertilised with pollen from an almost wild short-styled cowslip, and these flowers yielded some fine capsules. Thirty other flowers on the same illegitimate plants were fertilised with their own pollen, and these yielded seventeen capsules, containing on an average thirty-two seeds. This is a high degree of fertility; higher, I believe, than that which generally obtains with

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

flowers, in number as 100 to 57 IBERIS UMBELLATA plants left uncovered in greenhouse; intercrossed plants of the 3rd generation, compared with self-fertilised plants of the 3rd generation, yielded seeds, in number as 100 to 75 IBERIS UMBELLATA plants from a cross between two varieties, compared with self-fertilised plants of the 3rd generation, yielded seeds, by weight as 100 to 75 PAPAVER VAGUM crossed and self-fertilised plants, left uncovered, produced capsules, in number as 100 to 99 ESCHSCHOLTZIA

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

from plants which had been raised from seed procured from a garden at chelsea. The Chelsea plants bore yellow flowers blotched with red, but differed in no other respect. They had been grown out of doors, whilst mine had been cultivated in pots in the greenhouse for the last eight generations, and in a different kind of soil. The seedlings raised from this cross with a wholly different stock may be called the Chelsea-crossed. The three lots of seeds thus obtained were allowed to germinate on

F1251    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

40 as 100 to 54 Number and average height of all the plants of the ten generations 73 85 84 73 66 02 as 100 to 77 Mimulus luteus three first generations, before the new and taller self-fertilised variety appeard 10 8 19 10 5 29 as 100 to 65 Digitalis purpurea 16 51 33 8 35 87 as 100 to 70 Calceolaria (common greenhouse variety) 1 19 50 1 15 00 as 100 to 77 Linaria vulgaris 3 7 08 3 5 75 as 100 to 81 Verbascum thapsus 6 65 34 6 56 50 as 100 to 86 Vandellia nummularifolia crossed and self

CUL-DAR209.9.72-92    Note:    1878.02.00--1878.03.00   Radiation Cassia (various) / Cytisus / Oxalis (various) / Lotus   Text   Image

(6 Radiation March 16 Cassia: (common-greenhouse Var.) A second Plant Exposed to temp of -3° -4 Cent for 30.' on early night of March 16. The 4 pinned out leaves with every leaflet quite dead both upper lower surfaces completely blackened. On whole large bush only 7 other large compound leaves blackened, only one A of the 7 with both surfaces blackened this was a younger leaf than any pinned down: The following case good [sketch] A B C D Branch z on branch (z) the uppermost young leaf A free

CUL-DAR68.58    Note:    1878.02.19--1878.03.05   Sea-kale / no bloom on cotyledons which keep closed for some days after   Text   Image

sleep very late.— Put salt water on both Cots. of both seedlings. The Cots with salt opened in greenhouse in course of day. The above seedling did not go sleep. on night of 20', was observed at 10° 30' P.m at 5.15. a.m! Feb 22d 4° P.m put salt water on both Cots of silveryplant in the other pot. — Feb. 25' noon — The sea-kale plant look miserable March 5th Two quite dead, the third looks sickly Cease Mar 1

CUL-DAR209.7.47-49    Note:    [1878].03.16--[1878].03.28   Cyclamen persicum   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [47] Cyclamen Persica March 16' Pot with several pods bowed down toward ground laid horizontally in greenhouse the pods bowed soon bowed down at right angles to former course (is there not a note about this describing it more carefully???) so I assumed was geotropism— On 24th Pot still horizontal was turned upside down, so pods all pointed vertically up kept in dark cupboard in cool hot-house: by the Ap 1 ' 28th ie after one week hardly 4 days no or

CUL-DAR209.4.205    Note:    1878.06.01--1878.06.04   Lotus Jacoboeus   Text   Image

Lotus Jacobæus did they on following night of the 5th.— As temperature on the 4th. was generally 17 1/2 C, rather warmer than on previous days I doubt whether temperature was the cause: one more probably it was the want of sufficient illumination during several during the 3 previous days, as the Cots. zig-zagged all day growth had not ceased. During the 6th the pot was placed in greenhouse exposed to the sun at night the Cots slept pretty well, i.e. stood up at a high angle, but not I think so

CUL-DAR67.53    Note:    1878.07.00--1878.12.00   Acacia retinoides 4 Phyllodia sponged both sides with tepid water both   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [53] Acacia retinoides 4 Phyllodia sponged both surface with tepid water both surfaces marked with black wool — on 3 main branches. Feb. 15. 1878 8˚ a.m. Recleaned both surfaces May 20th no effect. — Phyllodia are silvery both surface in water before they were sponged — Kept in greenhouse— growing vigorously July 11th 8˚ a.m. Green wool Branch — leaf with black wool, whole of lower surface up to apex thickly dotted with black smut — 2 or 3 dots on

CUL-DAR209.3.43-45    Draft:    [1878.09.02--1878.09.09]   Trifolium repens   Text   Image

previous generation. Nevertheless the self-fertilised seedlings were plainly inferior in height and vigour to the crossed. My attention was now thoroughly aroused, for I could hardly doubt that the difference between the two beds was due to the one set being the offspring of crossed, and the other of self-fertilised flowers. Accordingly I selected almost by hazard two other plants, which happened to be in flowers in the greenhouse, namely Mimulu

CUL-DAR209.7.133    Draft:    [1878].11.02--[1878].11.05   Tropaeolum majus / Draft of Cross and self fertilisation   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [133] Tropæolum majus— plants bow will lean to Light in greenhouse slew a little from them — reversed Pot placed before N.E. window — black on all other sides top. — filament with triangle fixed to penultimate internode— traced on Horizontal glass — Height of Plants? —Length of internodes? Distance from glass Left Hand [data not transcribed] Apheliotropism Right Hand [data not transcribed] (Used) [133v

CUL-DAR209.6.81a-82    Note:    [1878?].02.09--[1878?].02.13   Githago segetum   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (1 In the greenhouse the cotyledons of numerous quite young seedlings were open in the middle of the day (Feb. 9th) formed together an angle, estimated at 30°—. At 6° P.m, when it was almost dark, they were nearly closed Perhaps introduce under Heliotrop— say here movement cd not be observed (2

CUL-DAR209.4.237-238    Draft:    [1878?].02.12--[1878?].02.13   Lychnis githago [with diagram] / Draft of Cross and self fertilisation.   Text   Image

Lychnis githago (Used) Feb. 13' Cots open at 7° a.m. put in greenhouse till 1°, then in dark cupboard, not shut at all at 4° P.m. —5° perhaps a trace closed 6° not nearly shut 7. 20 very little shut 9° rather more shut than before, yet well open 10 40' P.m do. Feb 14' 6°. 50' Am well awake 10. 40. P.m. very much shut, but not quite closed Feb 15 7° a.m wide awake, but Cots never open horizontall

CUL-DAR209.3.257-258    Draft:    [1878?].06.14--[1878?].06.16   Pelargonium zonale / Draft of Cross and self fertilisation, folio 642   Text   Image

), covered plants produced some seeds, but the summer was wet and unfavourable. Galium aparine (Rubiaceæ), covered plants produced quite as many seeds as the uncovered. Apium petroselinum (Umbelliferæ), cov covered plants apparently were as productive as the uncovered. Zea mays (Gramineæ), a single plant in the greenhouse produced a good many grains

CUL-DAR67.57-58    Note:    1879   Trifolium resupinatum / 10h 30 a.m a little Plant with 5 leaves 3 long &   Text   Image

Dec Jan. 7th 1879. Trifolium resupinatum. 10˚ 35' a.m. Plants growing — rather young in greenhouse, brought into study. 4 leaves white thread, bloom unbloomed have painted of opposite lateral leaflets painted with olive oil Lamp-black. — 10˚ P.m— All the painted ones went to sleep Jan 9th 8˚ 30' — There is no difference in the degree to which the bloomed unbloomd halves have absorbed the oil 10th 9˚ 15' a m Certainly no difference in degree to which grease has been absorbed by the two halve

CUL-DAR209.14.85-86    Note:    1879.04.01   Oxalis bupleurifolia / Plumieri / Carnosa / hirta   Text   Image

each leaflet could would necessary be 120° or a 1/3 of 360°; but as the vertical edges depend petiole this is not case as leaflets. No, no, this make angle bigger— There must be [sketch] space on summit, they must fold backwards. [sketch] In Ox. fragrans, the lower surfaces do not come into contact, but are separated by rather wide space, so that in greenhouse the summit of petioles look like bi 6 leaflets radiating from summit, Here the leaflets so much folded that in 2 of best [85v

CUL-DAR209.7.65    Note:    1879.09.02   Lathyrus aphaca   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [65] N.B. Lathyrus aphaca — I can detect no apheliotropism in tendrils, yet they circumnutate very little — top of stem is highly heliotropic — Nor can I in Greenhouse see any signs in L. maritimus.— Sept 2d. 1879

CUL-DAR209.7.56    Note:    1879.09.02--1879.09.12   Hedera helix   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [56] 1879 Hedera Helix Glass-filament with triangle fixed perpendicularly Branches of some young plants during middle of summer were found to be strongly apheliotropic sent branches directly away from light. On Sept. 2d these same plants had 2 trailing branches tied up perpendicularly, exposed to N.E. window were both found for first 4 days to be decidedly heliotropic. (so were several other plants in greenhouse; some of latter afterwards became

CUL-DAR209.3.47-52    Note:    1879.11.02   (Miscellaneous): Carnation-tree / Petunia violacea / cabbage / Vicia faba   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [47] Shoots tied Horizontally in greenhouse (Cold water Feb 5th 12° 45 Red cords Black dots 5 1/2 c.t from tip, to show whether grow Tips red — ⨀ — apart — ⨀ (2 innermost leaves now in contact touched with red.) Feb 19th. 12.15 tips apart ⨀ —— ⨀ increase Feb 5' 12° 45' (String) Tips red ⨀ —— ⨀ apart (2 innermost leaves now in contact touched with red) 9th. 12° 15 tips apart ⨀ —— ⨀ increase Feb. 9th no apogeotropism Carnation-Tree. [47v

F1280    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.   Text   PDF

tilised with their own pollen, produced 15 capsules, containing an average of 16 3 seeds. As already stated, the probable average with legitimate plants for a union of this nature is rather above 20 seeds. These plants were remarkably healthy and vigorous, as long as they were kept under highly favourable conditions in pots in the greenhouse; and such treatment greatly increases the fertility of the cowslip. When these same plants were planted during the next year (which, however, was an

F1280    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.   Text   PDF

. These whilst still in the greenhouse produced smaller leaves and shorter flower-stalks than some legitimate plants with which they grew in competition; but it should be observed that the latter were the product of a cross with a fresh stock, a circumstance which by itself would have added much to their vigour.* When these illegitimate plants were transferred to fairly good soil out of doors, they became during the two following years much more dwarfed in stature and produced very few flower-stems

CUL-DAR209.4.12    Draft:    [1880]   Fig 66. [Pisum sativum] / Draft of Forms of flowers.   Text   Image

surrounding legitimate plants, in the [words excised] It is [words excised] certain [rest excised] [Forms of flowers, p. 234: These whilst still in the greenhouse produced smaller leaves and shorter flower-stalks than some legitimate plants with which they grew in competition; but it should be observed that the latter were the product of a cross with a fresh stock,—a circumstance which by itself would have added much to their vigour.* When these illegitimate plants were transferred to fairly

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

the greenhouse became bent in the middle of the summer at right angles from the light. On Sept. 2nd some of these stems were tied up so as to stand vertically, and were placed before a north-east window; but to our surprise they were now decidedly heliotropic, for during 4 days they curved themselves towards the light, and their course being traced on a horizontal glass, was strongly zigzag. During the 6 succeeding days they circumnutated over the same small space at a slow rate, but there could

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

(?) (cultivated var.) (Tropaeoleæ). Several plants in pots stood in the greenhouse, and the blades of the leaves which faced the front-lights were during the day highly inclined and at night vertical; whilst the leaves on the back of the pots, though of course illuminated through the roof, did not become vertical at night. We thought, at first, that this difference in their positions was in some manner due to heliotropism, for the leaves are highly heliotropic. The true explanation, however, is

F1280    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.   Text   PDF

in the spring of 1862 forty flowers were fertilised at the same time in both ways. The plants were accidentally exposed in the greenhouse to too hot a sun, and a large number of umbels perished. Some, however, remained in moderately good health, and on these there were twelve flowers which had been fertilised legitimately, and eleven which had been fertilised illegitimately. The twelve legitimate unions yielded seven fine capsules, containing on an average each 57 3 good seeds; whilst the eleven

F1280    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.   Text   PDF

form of a cap. These cleistogamic flowers produced an abundance of seed. Later in the season perfect flowers appeared. With plants in a state of nature the flowers open only in the early morning, as I have been informed by Mr. Wallis, who particularly attended to the time of their flowering. In the case of D. Anglica, the still folded petals on some plants in my greenhouse opened just sufficiently to leave a minute aperture; the anthers dehisced properly, but the pollen-grains adhered in a mass

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

during cold weather in a sitting-room, and others in a greenhouse, but the temperature was not recorded. These six striking cases almost convinced us that the apex was sensitive, but of course we determined to make many more trials. As we had noticed that the radicles grew much more quickly when subjected to considerable heat, and as we imagined that heat would increase their sensitiveness, vessels with germinating beans suspended in damp air were placed on a chimney-piece, where they were subjected

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

having been removed a few days before from the greenhouse to the hot-house, was observed with especial interest, as it seemed so little probable that the stem would circumnutate. The branches are flat, or flabelliform; but some of them are triangular in section, with the three sides hollowed out. A branch of this latter shape, 9 inches in length and 1 1/2 in diameter, was chosen for observation, as less likely to circumnutate than a flabelliform branch. The movement of the bead at the end of the

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

the frond was placed near to the vertical glass, and would probably have been greater and more rapid had the day been warmer. For the plant was brought out of a warm greenhouse and observed under a skylight, where the temperature was between 15 and 16 C. We have seen in Chap. I. that a frond of this Fern, as yet only slightly lobed and with a rachis only .23 inch in height, plainly circumnutated.* Fig. 119. Nephrodium molle: circumnutation of rachis, traced from 9.15 A.M. May 28th to 9 A.M. 29th

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

and albifrons, though observed out of doors and in the greenhouse, did not change the position of their leaves sufficiently at night to be said to sleep. From observations made on two sleeping species, it appears that, as with Tropæolum majus, the leaves must be well illuminated during the day in order to sleep at night. For several plants, kept all day in a sitting-room with north-east windows, did not sleep at night; but when the pots were placed on the following day out of doors, and were

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

of the secondary trifoliate leaves sink vertically at night. On young plants of Sida rhombaefolia, only a few inches in height, the leaves did not sleep, though on rather older plants they rose up vertically at night. On the other hand, the leaves on very young plants of Cytisus fragrans slept in a conspicuous manner, whilst on old and vigorous bushes kept in the greenhouse, the leaves did not exhibit any plain nyctitropic movement. In the genus Lotus the basal stipule-like leaflets rise up

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

rise did not coincide with that of the great diurnal fall, so that narrow ellipses were described, as is the usual rule with circumnutating organs. The cotyledons are provided with a pulvinus, and its development will hereafter be described. Mimosa pudica (Leguminosæ). The cotyledons rise up vertically at night, so as to close together. Two seedlings were observed in the greenhouse (temp. 16 to 17 C. or 63 to 65 F.). Their hypocotyls were secured to sticks, and glass filaments bearing little

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

different directions, there could be no doubt that the arched hypocotyl circumnutated. At the close of the 34 h. the upper part began to rise and straighten itself, dragging the cotyledons out of the ground, so that the movements of the bead could no longer be traced on the glass. Quercus (American sp.) (Cupuliferæ). Acorns of an American oak which had germinated at Kew were planted in a pot in the greenhouse. This transplantation checked their growth; but after a time one grew to a height of five

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

covered with between 300 and 400 leaves, had been kept all winter in the greenhouse. Seven leaves were pinned horizontally open, and were exposed on March 16th for 2 h. to a clear sky, the temperature on the surrounding grass being -4 C. (24 to 25 F.). Next morning all seven leaves were found quite killed, so were many of the free ones which had previously gone to sleep, and about 100 of them, either dead or browned and injured were picked off. Some leaves showed that they had been slightly injured

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

Apios tuberosa (Tribe 8). The leaflets sink vertically down at night. Phaseolus vulgaris (Tribe 8). The leaflets likewise sink vertically down at night. In the greenhouse the petiole of a young leaf rose 16 , and that of an older leaf 10 at night. With plants growing out of doors the leaflets apparently do not sleep until somewhat late in the season, for on the nights of July 11th and 12th none of them were asleep; whereas on the night of August 15th the same plants had most of their leaflets

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

upright flower-heads, arising from branches in all sorts of positions, on plants growing in a warm greenhouse, were marked with thread, and after 24 h. six of them were vertically dependent; these therefore had travelled through 180 in this time. Ten were extended sub-horizontally, and these had moved through about 90 . Three very young peduncles had as yet moved only a little downwards, but after an additional 24 h. were greatly inclined. At the time when the flower-heads reach the ground

F1280    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.   Text   PDF

, and the female organs of the long-styled form in a more or less complete state, they spontaneously produced a surprising number of capsules, which generally contained a large average of remarkably fine seeds. With ordinary cowslips, legitimately fertilised, I once obtained from plants cultivated in the greenhouse the high average, from seven capsules, of 58 7 seeds, with a maximum in one capsule of 87 seeds; but from plants grown out of doors I never obtained a higher average than 41 seeds. Now

F1325    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

the early spring from shoots on some cut-down plants in the greenhouse, slept in a totally different manner from the normal one; for the three leaflets, instead of twisting on their own axes so as to present their lateral edges to the zenith, turned upwards and stood vertically with their apices pointing to the zenith. They thus assumed nearly the same position as in the allied genus Trifolium; and on the same principle that embryological characters reveal the lines of descent in the animal

F2095    Book contribution:     Candolle, Alphonse de. 1887. [Recollection of Darwin]. In Bettany, G. T. 1887. Life of Charles Darwin. London: Walter Scott, pp. 148-150.   Text

remain of the former labours of the owner. Darwin used simple means. He was not one who would have demanded to have palaces built in order to accommodate laboratories. I looked for the greenhouse in which such beautiful experiments on hybrid plants had been made. It contained only a vine. One thing struck me, although it is not rare in England, where animals are loved. A heifer and a colt were feeding close to us with the tranquillity which tells of good masters, and I heard the joyful barking of

CUL-DAR209.5.155-156    Draft:    [1880].04.24   Radicles of Peas with squares of card gummed to tips / Draft of Forms of flowers.   Text   Image

ratio only of 5 to 100! There can therefore be no doubt that illegitimate fertilisation continued during successive generation affecting the powers of growth fertility of t P. veris to an extraordinary degree; more especially when the plants are exposed to th ordinary conditions of life, instead of being protected in a greenhouse. (one line open

F3396    Book contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1884. [Letter extract from 1881 and recollection of Darwin's words]. In R. Meldola, The presidential address: Darwin and modern evolution. Transactions of the Essex Field Club 3: 64-93.   Text

continued his studies in this country, it was always living animals and plants that were appealed to when possible; his most important experiments and observations were made upon materials growing in his greenhouse or garden, or were collected from the surrounding country; and in his broader generalisations, which necessitated a wider survey of facts, he always made use of the observations of those to whom Nature had spoken face to face. Even when failing health compelled him to abandon the great

CUL-DAR67.76-77    Note:    1881.07.25--1882.01.07   Acacia lophantha / 12h 15 p.m The 6 pairs of terminal leaflets on the 2   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [76] 1881. Acacia lophantha July 25' 12˚ 15' P.m. The 6 pairs of terminal leaflets on the 2 terminal pinnæ 6 pairs on the next pinna on moderately young leaf in cool greenhouse, was sponged with water at about 96° F, so that drops wd adhere; but the surface was still a little greasy, so that water aggregated readily, but yet drops stuck well on in manner in which it wd not do on unwashed leaves. These 18 leaflets had drops on, occasionally wet

CUL-DAR67.82-83    Note:    1881.07.26--1881.08.14   Clarkia elegans / Dark red anthers with red filaments exterior face   Text   Image

In the genus Enchiridium, which is close to Clarkia there are 4 stamens, so 4 quite aborted — In several other allied genera there are 8 stamens. Clarkia plants in pots in Greenhous

CUL-DAR52.F26-F44    Note:    1881.09.04--1881.10.02   Aggregation / Geranium [application of carbonate of ammonia, alcohol,   Text   Image

aggregation, much pulpy green matter. After alcohol, a good many, but not full complement of Chloro-grains visible; these generally heaped together, I think sometimes confluent; often indistinct. — Sept. 16th a leaf with horse-shoe mark from greenhouse was put into sol (4 to 1000) at 12˚ 45 15th, examined at 11˚ on 16th — no true aggregation, but in very many pallisade cells, bodies of the most diversified shapes, many [sketch] many like this [sketches], apparently denser fluid, with the Chlo

CUL-DAR62.76    Note:    [1881].12.29   Roots / Solanum [application of carbonate of ammonia[?]]   Text   Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [76] Roots Dec. 29th Solanum (Empress) greater hardy sp which produces large berry woody greenhouse young plant — 4 roots were immersed for 20 1/2° 21° in sol of 4 to 1000— in one of these [illeg] In cells lying immediately beneath epidermis for some distance some way up root [cut visible] minute aggregation mass only of some granular sometimes hyaline brown matter. — Moreover In many of isolated elongated cells near vascular bundle isolated dark

F839    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1882. The movements and habits of climbing plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

weighing only 82 of a grain (53 14 mg.) We have seen that the petioles of some other leaf-climbing plants are affected by one-thirteenth of this latter weight. In this species, and in no other leaf-climber seen by me, a full-grown leaf is capable of clasping a stick; but in the greenhouse the movement was so extraordinarily slow that the act required several weeks; on each succeeding week it was clear that the petiole had become more and more curved, until at last it firmly clasped the stick

F839    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1882. The movements and habits of climbing plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

Shoots of the Kidney-bean, cut off and placed in water, were similarly retarded, but in a less degree. I have repeatedly observed that carrying a plant from the greenhouse to my room, or from one part to another of the greenhouse, always stopped the movement for a time; hence I conclude that plants in a state of nature and growing in exposed situations, would not make their revolutions during very stormy weather. A decrease in temperature always caused a considerable retardation in the rate of

F839    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1882. The movements and habits of climbing plants. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

only one-eighth of a grain (8 1 mg.) sometimes acted and sometimes did not act. The sensitiveness extends from the blade of the leaf to the stem. I may here state that I ascertained in all cases the weights of the string and thread used by carefully weighing 50 inches in a chemical balance, and then cutting off measured lengths. The main petiole carries three leaflets; but their short, sub-petioles are not sensitive. A young, inclined shoot (the plant being in the greenhouse) made a large circle

F1800    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1882. The action of carbonate of ammonia on the roots of certain plants. [Read 16 March] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 19: 239-261, 2 text figures.   Text   Image   PDF

were numerous; but not one was seen which arose from a cell containing granules. Roots of Oxalis sepium, comiculata, and of a greenhouse species with small yellow flowers were immersed in a solution of 7 to 1000, and granular matter was deposited in the layer of cells underlying the exterior layer. This occurred in the case of O. sepium in 20 minutes. With O. corniculata the cells with granules were isolated—that is, did not form rows; and the granules were either brown or of a bluish-green

A106    Periodical contribution:     Wallace, A. R. 1883. The Debt of Science to Darwin. Century Magazine 25, 3 January: 420-432.   Text   Image   PDF

series between distinct great geological formations were held to show that the older forms of life had been destroyed, and were replaced by a new creation of a more advanced organization suited to the altered conditions of the world. THE GREENHOUSE IN WHICH MR. DARWIN'S EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE. And thus, perhaps, we might have gone on to this day, ever accumulating fresh masses of fact, while each set of workers became ever more and more occupied in their own departments of study, and

F1281    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

tilised with their own pollen, produced 15 capsules, containing an average of 16 3 seeds. As already stated, the probable average with legitimate plants for a union of this nature is rather above 20 seeds. These plants were remarkably healthy and vigorous, as long as they were kept under highly favourable conditions in pots in the greenhouse; and such treatment greatly increases the fertility of the cowslip. When these same plants were planted during the next year (which, however, was an

F1281    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

. These whilst still in the greenhouse produced smaller leaves and shorter flower-stalks than some legitimate plants with which they grew in competition; but it should be observed that the latter were the product of a cross with a fresh stock, a circumstance which by itself would have added much to their vigour.* When these illegitimate plants were transferred to fairly good soil out of doors, they became during the two following years much more dwarfed in stature and produced very few flower-stems

F1281    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

cowslips of both forms, protected from insects in my greenhouse, did not set one pod, though artificially fertilised flowers in other pots produced an abundance. We thus see that the visits of insects are absolutely necessary for the fertilisation of Primula veris. If the corolla of the long-styled form had dropped off, instead of remaining attached in a withered state to the ovarium, the anthers attached to the lower part of the tube with some pollen still adhering to them would have been

F1281    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

very rich soil, some in stiff poor clay, some in old peat, and some in pots in the greenhouse; so that these plants, 765 in number, as well as their parents, were subjected to diversified and un * I have given instances in my work 'On the Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' ch. xv. 2nd edit. vol. ii. p. 69. [page] 6

A317    Book:     Woodall, Edward. 1884. Charles Darwin. A paper contributed to the Transactions of the Shropshire Archæological Society. London: Trübner.   Text   Image   PDF

work, but near the metropolis, he spent his fruitful days; and, except the record of his published works, there is little to tell of the forty years passed in this quiet retreat. Happy in his home, with children growing up about him, with 1 For the engraving of Down House, and the Greenhouse (given farther on), we are indebted to the publishers of The Century, in which they appeared (Vol. XXV., No 3), to illustrate an interesting paper by Mr. Wallace. [page] 3

A77    Periodical contribution:     Hague, J. D. 1884. A reminiscence of Mr. Darwin. Harper's new Monthly Magazine. 69, Issue 413 October: 759-763.   Text   Image

invitation of Francis Darwin to go with him for a walk about the grounds, in the course of which we followed some of his father's favorite rambles along shaded paths in a neighboring field, coming back finally to the greenhouse, where some interesting experiments on the revolving movement of plants were at that time in progress. The work of the forenoon was the careful observation of a number of tender shoots that were growing in pots, each under a separate bell glass, and all ranged on a table exposed

A77    Periodical contribution:     Hague, J. D. 1884. A reminiscence of Mr. Darwin. Harper's new Monthly Magazine. 69, Issue 413 October: 759-763.   Text   Image

little further on were welcomed immediately by Mr. and Mrs. Darwin to a spacious and cheerful parlor or family room, whose broad windows and outer door opened upon a wide and partly sheltered piazza at the rear of the house, evidently a favorite sitting-place, judging from the comfortable look of easy-chairs assembled there, beyond which was a pleasing vista of fresh green lawn, bright flower beds, and blossoming shrubbery, gravel-paths, and a glass greenhouse, or perhaps botanical laboratory

A75    Book:     Bettany, G. T. 1887. Life of Charles Darwin. London: Walter Scott.   Text   Image

the owner. Darwin used simple means. He was not one who would have demanded to have palaces built in order to accommodate laboratories. I looked for the greenhouse in which such beautiful experiments on hybrid plants had been made. It contained only a vine. One thing struck me, although it is not rare in England, where animals are loved. A heifer and a colt were feeding close to us with the tranquillity which tells of good masters, and I heard the joyful barking of dogs. 'Truly,' I said to

F1452.1    Book:     Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

gemmules. He was delightfully tender to Polly, and never showed any impatience at the attentions she required, such as to be let in at the door, or out at the verandah window, to bark at naughty people, a self-imposed duty she much enjoyed. She died, or rather had to be killed, a few days after his death.* My father's midday walk generally began by a call at the greenhouse, where he looked at any germinating seeds or experimental plants which required a casual examination, but he hardly ever

F1225    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

insignificant, as we shall hereafter see, compared with that caused by very weak solutions of several salts of ammonia. FIG. 9. (Drosera rotundifolia.) Leaf (enlarged) with ail the tentacles closely inflected, from Immersion in a solution of phosphate of ammonia (one part to 87,500 of water). Plants which have lived for some time in a rather high temperature are far more sensitive to the action of water than those grown out of doors, or recently brought into a warm greenhouse. Thus in the above

F1225    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

. Whether insects alight on the leaves by mere chance, as a resting-place, or are attracted by the odour of the secretion, I know not. I suspect, from the number of insects caught by the English species of Drosera, and from what I have observed with some exotic species kept in my greenhouse, that the odour is attractive. In this latter case the leaves may be compared with a baited trap; in the former case with a trap laid in a run frequented by game, but without any bait. That the glands possess the

F1225    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

On the Manner in which Insects are caught. We will now consider the action of the leaves when insects happen to touch one of the sensitive filaments. This often occurred in my greenhouse, but I do not know whether insects are attracted in any special way by the leaves. They are caught in large numbers by the plant in its native country. As soon as a filament is touched, both close with astonishing quickness; and as they stand at less than a right angle to each other, they have a good chance of

F1225    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

or 0000387 mg. Lastly, leaf No. 11, which had after 24 hrs. all its tentacles, except one, closely inflected, as well as the blade, bore the unusually large number of 252 tentacles; and, on the same principle as before, each gland could have absorbed only the 1/200800 of a grain or 0000322 mg. With respect to the following experiments, I must premise that the leaves, both those placed in the solutions and in water, were taken from plants which had been kept in a very warm greenhouse during the

F1225    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

protoplasm. These glands seem to have very little or no power of absorption, certainly much less than those of the foregoing plants. Mirabilis longiflora. The stems and both surfaces of the leaves bare viscid hairs. Young plants, from 12 to 18 inches in height in my greenhouse, caught so many minute Diptera, Coleoptera, and larv , that they were quite dusted with them. The hairs are short, of unequal lengths, formed of a single row of cells, surmounted by an enlarged cell which secretes viscid

A223    Periodical contribution:     Nash, L. A. 1890. Some memories of Charles Darwin. Overland Monthly (October): 404-408.   Text   Image

an old pony, oftener on foot, looking for the English likenesses or parallels of the plants he was then studying. In his greenhouse were still the orchids made famous by his researches into the modes of their fertilization. Room was needed for another set of plants, and he gave his orchids to us. How he would gaze on a plant from under his heavy eyebrows! Those eyebrows used to trouble his wife when his photograph was taken: she used to say the photographers gave him no eyes at all. Speaking of

A268    Book:     Holder, Charles Frederick. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life and work. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons.   Text   Image   PDF

ness of his character were apparent, while the delight he manifested in stating facts of interest was excelled only by the eagerness with which he sought them from others, whether while strolling through the greenhouse or sitting round the generously spread table. Going to him as a young entomologist with no claim on his favour, he seemed to take delight in manifesting appreciation. I had occasion, in my Third Report on the Insects of Missouri, published in the spring of that year, to discuss

F1461    Book:     Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

instantaneously. . . . A cursed insect or something let my last flower off last night. Professor de Candolle has remarked* of my father, Ce n'est pas lui qui aurait demand de construire des palais pour y loger des laboratories. This was singularly true of his orchid work, or rather it would be nearer the truth to say that he had no laboratory, for it was only after the publication of the Fertilisation of Orchids, that he built himself a greenhouse. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (December 24th, 1862): And now

F1548.2    Book:     Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2   Text   Image   PDF

. H. Crüger, of Trinidad] to ask him to observe what the insects did in the flowers of Melastomaceae: he says not proper season yet, but that on one species a small bee seemed busy about the horn-like appendages to the anthers. It will be too good luck if my study of the flowers in the greenhouse has led me to right interpretation of these appendages. Letter 628. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 28th [1871]. If you had come here on Sunday I should have asked you whether you could give me seed or

F1548.1    Book:     Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 1   Text   Image   PDF

open, immersed in it, in the cellar for uniform temperature. I must plant out of doors, as I have no greenhouse. I told you I had inserted notice in the Gardeners' Chronicle, and to-day I have heard from Berkeley that he has already sent an assortment of seeds to Margate for some friend to put in salt water; so I suppose he thinks the experiment worth trying, as he has thus so very promptly taken it into his own hands.1 Reading this over, it sounds as if I were offended!!! which I need not say is

F1548.1    Book:     Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 1   Text   Image   PDF

the Cameroons, and as Seemann describes, in low mountains of Panama. It is, as you say, absurd to suppose that such a genus as Dipterocarpus1 could have been developed since the Glacial era; but do you feel so sure, as to oppose2 a large body of considerations on the other side, that this genus could not have been slowly accustomed to a cooler climate? I see Lindley says it has not been brought to England, and so could not have been tried in the greenhouse. Have you materials to show to what

F1548.2    Book:     Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2   Text   Image   PDF

complex and still more strange; as the age and position of the pistils comes into play, in relation to the two kinds of pollen. These facts seem to me so curious that I do not scruple to ask you to see whether you can lend me any Melastomad just before flowering, with a not very small flower, and which will endure for a short time a greenhouse or sitting-room; when fertilised and watered I could send it to Mr. Turnbull's to a cool stove to mature seed. I fully believe the case is worth investigation

F1548.2    Book:     Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2   Text   Image   PDF

protect the leaflets from rain. Accordingly I syringed the plant for two minutes, and it was really beautiful to see how each leaflet on the younger leaves twisted its short sub-petiole, so that the blade was immediately directed at an angle between 45 and 90 deg to the horizon. I could not resist the pleasure of just telling you why I want to know the name of the Cassia. I should add that it is a greenhouse plant. I suppose that there will not be any better flowers till next summer or autumn

A237.2    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

among residents who had come to the place for its general educational advantages or for the charm of its rural scenery. We had here about half an acre of ground with oak trees and hazel bushes (from which I named our place Nutwood Cottage ), and during the eight years we lived there I thoroughly enjoyed making a new garden, in which, and a small greenhouse, I cultivated at one time or another more than a thousand species of plants. The soil was a deep bed of the Lower Greensand formation, with a

A237.2    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

America. I had spent the morning in the fine Golden Gate Park, where I saw some eucalyptus trees over sixty feet high, with numerous acacias and other greenhouse plants growing out-of-doors. I also had a fine view of the extensive sandhills, covered with huge clumps of blue and yellow tree-lupines, which produced a splendid effect. The interesting s ances I had here will be described later on. Returning to Stockton, I went with my brother and his daughter for a few days in the Yosemite Valley. The

A237.2    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

of 400 or 500 a year, I think it probable that I should not have written another book, but should have gone to live further in the country, enjoyed my garden and greenhouse (as I always have done), and limited my work to a few lectures and review articles, but to a much less extent than I actually have done. It was the necessity of earning money, owing to my diminishing income, that caused me to accept invitations to lecture, which I always disliked; and the same reason caused me to seek out