1

(5 (1)

Ch 5) Intercrossing & Sterility

X = Interbreeding – good of crossing = Effects /- S = Sterility from changed condition

Cottage Gardener 1/44 & 55 Geraniums changing in fertility/ do 8/61 / 1/24 / 10/109 secret of producing fertility S

Poultry Book p. 65 Indian Fowls & African fertile when first introduced into this country S

X — 126 on increased size of crossed pheasant & of breeds of fowls.—

— 130 Hen-tailed cocks sterile

Poultry Chronicle several important references. S

Indian Field 29/28 European sterile in Java (?)

— 52/303 [illeg] duck not breeding S 58/69 tree from Madagascar variable infertility in [illeg]

— Low LXIII ill effects of interbreeding

Thompson Birds 2/49 S [words illeg] see other cases, show [goes] by [genus] curious (more fertile than partridge)

Beckstein (song bird) S p 20 on rarity of cage-birds breeding p. 83, 105, 139

— / p. 185 &c. losing male secondary characters in confinement S / p 242 good breeder case in Canaries

— p. 418 case of quail breeding in confinement S

Ray Wisdom. p. 109 Swallow laying more eggs – so increased prolific of domestic birds duller

X Walker 228 Knight on breeding in & in. Summary on do.- /299

Flourens Instinct 85-88 breeding of [illeg] in confinement /97 do/ S

Tschudi's 16 on Alps highest & lowest chamois. 3 weeks between [illeg]

Janells Birds 1/412 S

1/506 losing red

Müller 2/1453 very good on crossing of tape-worms

Charlesworth Mag 2/491 S

3/223 S

3/469 S few birds breeding in St. James Park S

Isidore Geoffroy 1/158 dwarfs and giant sterile 1/191. Explanation of 3/284 & 377 doubles [illeg] breeding S

X Louden's Engels 829 Early potatoe not flowering S

Ent. Transact. 4/60 Butterflies pairing in confinement S

Crawfurd Quail 145 Goose not breeding at Manilla S

Owens [illeg] 256 on seed & worms 86 Unions in Planariæ / 151 Spermatozoa expressing Bryozoa / 213 Synapt only have [Echino]

221 Termites of Synapt could not cross /459, 467 Hermaphrodite Acarus.

477 Solitary ascidians distinct [illeg]– aggregate Herm. but remarks Huxley on Pyrosoma

521 [Lanchlistmad] 539 Pteropods reciprocal cistus

Bechstein Noting 3/299 [illeg] more fertile in India

Lecoq [illeg] 5, 26 in Dichogamy 268 Gramineæ wheat A list of p. 52 of Dichogamous/ [illeg] (X)

(X) (+) 61 Thinks Fumaric can never cross. 95 on forceful crossing of Leguminosæ

Kölreuter – F[illeg] (my abs. p 3) p 121 wild plants with failing pollen S

do 5 & 6 / Doubleness strangely inherited in crossed plant – [3 words illeg] case in sterility

X –Large abstract p. 15.  innumerable flowers in quite sterile Hybrids – shows no relation between sterility & production of flowers

2

Ch 5 On Intercrossing

Ray Report Z & B. 1845. 65 Impregnation effected by twisting of withered flowers & Ch. Fermond

do Bot 1846. 367 271 Campanula

X Ray Bot. Memoir 1853 p. 42 Littorella lacustis never flower under water.

X Van Mons 1/406 Pears not intercrossing 2/76 goodness of fruit connected with sterility

X Marshall. 295. on changing sets of potatoes.

X Richardson Pig. 26 cross with Chinese restore fertility

Masters on Dog 203 African dogs in [illeg] never bred. So Dogs in Paris

[illeg] Poultry. 133 Hen pheasant lays 10 eggs in confinement - 18 to 20 wild. S Peacock said to be less fertile hen.

Dixon Poultry. 48 Old Canada goose wd not breed with Audubon young would S

" " 101, 103 Teal & Widgeon breeding

139 Goose [illeg] increased by high-feeding "Die Ente" no of eggs in wild goose & duck

146 Beonide. increased fertility during confinement.- S

Dixon [illeg]. 247 Guans so tame & yet not breeding readily. S

X Baitier. 35 crossed pigeons most fertile 45 years experience. Neumeister do p. 18

158 Dovecoats by high-feeding rendered fertile - others say same thing. Psitor Das goose p. 46

Annals 8/86 pollen-tribe of Campanula enter only stigmatic surface

(X) - do 42 1/2 million grains of pollen

" 12/453 Partridge laying aviary. S

" 1/456 (2d ser.) no of eggs of Gallus Bankiva

" 14/444 (2d s) Hooker on [illeg] of pollen in Listeria

X " 15/433 (2d s) V. Harcourt on cross of domestic & wild canary [illeg] bird physically strange.

Linn. Journ 2/7 Dimorphous Campanula both seeding (+)

X " 2/36 Chitoria will have flowers without stamens yet fruiting (+)

Louden's Mag. 3/197 nightly swelling flowers dark-coloured

" 5/153 Insects not breeding in confinement S

" 6/110 some hawks kept by Falconer 6-8 years. S

" 9/347 Parrot living 80 years in confinement.- Humboldt story of extinct [illeg]

Fournett on sheep 181. Merino sheep not [illeg] fertile when first introduced in England

X - 494 [illeg] close interbreeding

- on cattle n.s at end Chillingham cattle bad breeders

X Bradley's Husbandry (1722) 3/58 good of change of [illeg] - tried himself

L. Institut 1840 p. 274 Bees in N. Zenbla.-

Look carefully over C. C. Sprengel.-

Huxley Medical Times 319/133 sexes of Parasitic worms. - 307/486 on spermatozoa in lowest animals not discovered in some.

312/619 Actinia dioicous

3

5  Intercrossing – Sterility

G. Chroncile 1860. p. 321 & p. 416/p. 26/ on cross-bred sheep advantage & disadvantage of X

X " " p. 416. case of close interbreeding

X Ferguson on poultry. p. 83 Experiment on interbreeding p. 311, 313, 317.

X Sidney - Youatt on pig p. 29-34 on interbreeding - good.

Audubon. Ind p. 268 squirrel never breeding in confinement p 221. Apparently flying sq. has bred S

Proc. Ann. Acad Sc. IV 21. On pollen affecting seeds – Effect inherited.

(X) Gould Trobilidæ p. 15 Humming Birds sucking long tubular flowers & like Bees protruding their bases (+)

do p. 120 sucking Saliciæ

Fermond (8vo Pamph. 234) Flowers in withering on closing in evening self-fertilise themselves; even in Viola, malvaceae, Iris, Tūi &c, Campanula – Fecundation often before flower opens. Phaseolus – p. 17 Humming Birds fertilise flowers p. 36 natural crossing of Phaseolus

Linnean Transact vol. 23 – 1860 Part I p. 64. Dichogamy in [illeg] , good in comparison with plants.

do do do p. 224 Huxley on Dichogamy in Pyrosoma

do do Part II p. 350 Cobbold on rare case of [illeg] Flakes in copulation

Linn. Journal vo. VI. no 22 p. 71 on comingling & blending of Rats.

Proc. Zoolog. Soc. 1861. Part II. p. 146 Bartlett on fertility of Felidae S

Gardeners' Ch. 1861 p 631. - on distinct strains being kept of sheep to parent too close interbreeding

(X) p 552 my paper on Vinca. p. 736 on these self seeding - 831. Mr Horwood

p. 699 Crookes on Vinca rosea seeding when aided, as I suggested

Cottage Gardener (7 y number) p. 44 Geranium which was fertile [illeg] sterile S p. 55 Reversion case

" (80 do) S p. 61 (no. 9) p. 94 do good. (no 10) p. 109 causes of sterilitly of [illeg]

" (17 do) p. 94. Ligurian crossing. / p. 143 do/

" (19) 244 on crossing plants in Hothouse by branch in place of insects on quantity of pollen requisite.

" (1) (19) 254. very curious case of direct influence of pollen on female plants in causing most of Pelargonium

" (X) (20) 301 - [illeg] flowers generally smell at night; [illeg] afterwards perfumed.

" (X) (21) 346 case of 2 Cougar. apparently naturally crossing

X " (22) 54. on case of introduction of new cock pheasants to improve breed

" (X) (26) 112 on crossing of varieties X

" (X) (27) 96. do goodish. X

" (32) 257 on period of fertilisation of Wheat (33) p. 272

X " (39) p. 39, 40: conclusive (43 158) Evidence (41) p. 77. crossing of Hive Bees

" (35) p 315 Wheat

" (45) 237 on sterility of a sport from Geranium S

X " (48) 310 on sterile variation of most cultivated flowers S experiment (48) 321 Geranium

X (48) 326 Bees of Tasmania fertile as from same stock.-

4

5 Intercrossing & Sterility

Kölreuter – Large abstract p. 18 S Hybrids producing less seeds when potted (p. 11 remark similar case

— do p. 30 comparison of sterility of Hybrids & effect of pottering.

X — do p 44 great size of hybrids, inherited by very fertile Hybrids

Gaertner Bastard 360 parallelism of sterility from conditions & crosses S

— 369 Hereditary sterility of  Dicanthus pure

X — 528 Luxuriance of Hybrids not due to sterility.

— 565 Hybrids more inclined to produce double flowers. 569 Male flowers easiest affected in both cases gives reasons (& [illeg] the cases

Waterhouse Rodentia 463 Nepal Porcupine breeds in confinement S

Carpenters Phys. 493 Abstract of Thuret on sexes of Fuci / 561 Synapt hermaphrodite

553 Melusæ sexes separate even so low in scale/ 573 Salpidæ dichog.

575 Descaine on Oysters dichog - 577 Planopoda & Planeria 589 require [illeg]

592 Donibrom Annelids dioicous, being [illeg] impregnation must be by water

595 Myriapods always dioicous 628 Some acenidæ dioicous

Prosper Lucas 2/904 Summary on ill effects of interbreeding.

Agassiz Class 74 Possible explan. of strange molussc in Synapta

Phil. Transact. 1854 p 259 Hooker on impregnation of Listeria, self-impregnation structures from yet I show much crossing

Hooker New Zealand – List of trees with respect to sexes (+)

X Wiegmann cases of Leguminosæ naturally crossing (X)

X Pampht. 8vo 63 Sebright p. 13 has distinctly tried breeding in & in yet no bigot; Meynall in do - 18 says regarding animals good

X 121/22 Nat. Hybrid between 2 Phaseoli

— 149. R. Hils Parrot never breeds —p 8. [illeg] breeding S

X — 161 Naudin on Stramonium & Petunia; not crossed by insect

— 174 Huxley Pyrosoma in fact Dichogamous – for element matured at different

— 176 Guide Z. Gardens. p 11 & 12 Cranes breeding S

— 189 Newman on barren Lepidoptera when bred at certain periods. S

Eding. New Phil. 84 p 288 Hydra some individual 1 sex – some both sexes combined

Bronn Geschichte 77 Dimorphism or doubling of flowers S

— 96 Hawk going back to earlier plumage in Berlin & male Pyrrhole assuming female plumage S

— 100 On geese infertile in America & Poultry ; race fertile S

Colin Phy Dom. 2/492 on Hermaphrodite Fish

It is important to show in Azaleas, Lilacs &c that sterility not due to force of vegetation or great size fruit, but to direct action

Siebold Anat. Comp 1/342 & 348 male & female organs invaginated yet lending to separate organs

— 1/529 Tardigrade Arach. Hermaphrodite.

Henslows Botany 220 night-flowering flowers lurid.— mem. Cactus

5

5)  Intercrossing Sterility

(X) Linnean Journal vol. IV Supplemental vol. p. 10 & 13 certain trees Legue sub-dioicous.

Gallario 67 Monotus Les… sterile S

V — 47 on cabbage crossing so largely when grown together

Aug. St. Hilaire 572 a multitude of flowers impregnated in bud – Gardenia

Moguin Jardin 189 Pelonic flowers generally sterile S

Loiseleum Deslongchamps 45 on wheat not crossing 80-81

— 200 Tesrica on no good for change of seed — practice common in France

Le Conteur 52 disbelieves necessity of change of seed

Hort. Journal 11/83 [illeg] cannot be fertilised after polling S

Metzger Getreidearten 63 advocates change of seed in Germany S

Isid Geoffroy. [illeg] animals not breeding 257 & 260 S

V Darwinism Phytologie 116 curious case of Beans crossing (+)

X Botanic Garden p. 16 On arrum preventing Flies escaping (+)

— — p 3 & 4 on Epilobium bending down pistils

X Spallanzani 2/273 case of flowers impregnated in bud; certain case

— Gardener's Mag 1/308 on advantages of crossing two grasses, 6/689 do good

V — 7/206 Sweeb on anthers withered in Pelargoniums before stigman ready, in Veronica. A [illeg]. Delphinus & [illeg] (X)

X — 7/696 On hardiness of mongrel cabbbages (in the reunion?) 7/688 Hardiness of hybrids. Like Gaertners

X — 8/52 on greater productiveness & hardiness of very distinct crossed [illeg]. good.

— 10/178 Greenish & white flowers often smell by night

— 13/230 apple 1/2 sweet, 1.2 sour sterile S

X — 13/ 368 White flowers oftenest odourless by actual tables & calculated (+)

Gardeners Chronicle 1841. p. 291 Cherries not setting in Hot Houses S

— 485 Bean flowers purported sterile (+)

— 1843 877 On some picota stigma produces before flowers open.

881 The New Zealand Closa & all S (+)

— 1844 p. 215 Camellia seeding when fertilised artificially S

1845 p 46 good from change of seed in 1764

V — 1846 p. 183 on potatoes receiving pollen of another flower S

601. on greater vigour of artificially crossed wheat

1847 268 excessive case to prevent carnations crossing with Pinks (X)

— 763 Loudon urges to avoid in & in on making hybrids (X)

1848 268 case of self-sown Alpine plant, exceedingly rare S

X 1850 p 702 good from change of seed (Perhaps first causes of flowers to seed)

1853 534 corolla guiding Beas to Calceolaria – on necessary care to exclude insects [insertion:] do not touch stigma

— 568 Nightingale breeding in cage S

6

5 Intercrossing. Sterility

X Gardeners Chron. 1855 26 case of in & in breeding — 411. good

p. 730 in Rose & Turnip naturally crossing enormously 1856 p. 729

1856 476 number of seed in Carrot & Parsnip.

1857 566 upper flowers of arachis always aborted because cannot react good

(X) — 725 my notice of kidney Beans with action of Bees. S

1858 p. 247 on good for change of seed. Buckman good

359 On alpine seed S raised in garden at Zurich sold by [illeg]

722 Colunolla strongly recommends change of seed p 723 yet some wheat long grown on same soil.

(X) 824 & 844 My paper on Bees & Kidney Beans p. 845

(X) 1859 p. 98 The anemone certainly crosses itself & in Annals & Mag of Nat History

Memoire du Museum p. 5 Cases of parrots breeding in France S

Annale du Mus. [Phouris] p. 2 on making alpine plants seed S

— p. 3 Fr Cuvier & p. 6 good on animals breeding in confinement. S good

Mem. Savans Rollins p. 4 sheep not fecund in Hot valley p. 5 Peacock

p. 6 fertility of geese

Phytologist p. 16 Bromeliad – Ivy not seeding in N. so with other plants

X — (X) p 17 on certain Campanula when early flower do not open yet produce plenty of seed

Zoologist p. 2. Bull-finch breeding in confinement S (gradation to cleistogene)

— p 6 Siskins breeding in confinement S

p. 6 Silene inflata very attractive to moths – so sweet william

V p. 8 Pansy special favourite of certain moths

p. 11. on numerous basica moths this year p. 12 do S

15 [illeg] case of Strix Bubo breeding in confinement. S

16 Glyceria fliatanus attacking moths p. 24 do Hildebrand

— Kestrils breeding in aviary S

17 Passerine owls breeding in confinement S

20 anthers of Ophys seen sticking to moths heads

Flora p. 3. / 15 Zuccarini says cape Oxalis bean in seed in our gardens (+)

p. 9 The vars of Iris which differ most from parents are sterile S

18 Annal des Sc. p 18 on impregnation in bud

— 2d Ser. p. 11 on some animals breeding in Jardin S

2. S. p 11 Ostrich lays fewer eggs in France S

—2d Ser. Bot. p 15 on secretion of Honey in relation to pollen

3d S. Zoolog p 8 as many acacias Hermaphrodite

Zoolog p. 13 cases of Lichen which do not [illeg] in France S

7

5 Intercrossing Sterility

23 Gallario p 11 Monsters are generally sterile S x p. 14 do & development of fruit causing sterility

X p 14 & p. 15 sterility of sugar-cane – Bananas, ananas S

24 Watson Cybele p. 1 Draba impetus seeds freely in his garden

Yarrell Birds p 1. Alande arrensis breeding excellently in aviaries S

43 Audubon p. 12 varying sterility of Anser canedensis in confinement S

— p 22 case of a Fringilla which breeds perfectly in confinement S

do 1 egg only by the nigratosic & leucocephales at L. Desys S

Blyth refers to Chambers Journal before Oct 1855. about Red Deer [illeg] when few remain

In Tin Box copy of my Paper on Kidney Beans crossing

X Gardeners Ch. 1860. p. 270 on much interbreeding in short-horns

X Coyare Quadrupeds 3/364 good of crossing cattle in La Plata

Isid. Geoff Hist. de anomalies 2/223 on monsters being sterile. S

Gardeners Ch 1860 p. 416 Strong case of no harm from breeding in & in —

Annals of Nat. Hist Ralf 18/196 on impregnation of violets

Godron sur l'espece 1/169 – fact showing how easily wheat & Ægilops naturally cross.

— 1/252 natural intercrossing of tulips & other flowers (X)

V — 2/50 Dehamed on radishes naturally crossing (X)

V — 2/58 Carrots naturally crossing (Beans & parsley & [illeg] (X)

2/106 cases of fruit tree sterile, but seeding in some places & wild plants sterile

E. Tennant lesson 1/124 curious contrivance to being bring Utricularia to surface for fertilisation.

1/264 pretty passage about Lepidoptera haunting flowers.

Journal of Linn. Soc. Vol. IV Supplmt Bot. p. 10 on dioicous Papilionaceæ (+)

do do Vol 5 (no 19) Cobbold on union seen between two hermaphrodite flukes (Distoma) – there are forms with separate sexes

N. Hist. R. no. 2 p. 147 Bentham on vast number of stamens in some acacias & few seeds rot

X Bull. d'Acclimatation no. 10 p. 477. Sheep of Haz; flocke interbred for 60 years.

do. n 12. p. 600 six generations of Caperceilyie in confinement in Russia S

X Spooner on cross-breeding (pamph. 208) on long interbreeding in same strains X

p. 19 on advantages in [illeg] of crosses

Jeffreys (pamph. 217) on crossing of Teredines (not very important)

Schaffhausen (Pamph 218) p. 423 alludes to intercrossing keeping forms constant

X Nathusius (pamph. 227) p. 63 to end. Best discussion ever written on ill-effects of interbreeding, & exceptions to rule.— [Nathusius, Hermann von. 1857. Ueber Shorthorn-Rindvieh mit einer Anhang über Inzucht. Berlin: Gustav Bosselmann. Darwin Pamphlet Collection 227 PDF]

X Gardeners Ch. 1860 p. 26 Westwood on Hive-Bees not crossing

8

(Dichogamy) 5)  Intercrossing  Sterility (5

[Monthly] Poultry p. 133 Hen Pheasant laying less – Roulins on Poultry in S. America

18 Annal des Sc. 3d Ser. Bot. p 4 on number of pollen-grains received to fertilise flowers

— p 10 on nature of Tu [2 words illeg] in Gardenia

— p 13 on number of grapes keeping true in Bot Garden

X — p 16 on extreme ignorance of Sagaret hybrids

X 19 Hort. Transact. p. 2. Knight on infusoria of mongrel fruit-trees. do p. 5.

X — p. 6 Strelitzia dichogamus in fact (+)

— 17c great Heat caused Guerney Sig not to shed pollen.

— 18 Herbert on natural crossing of Strawberries. (X)

— 21 do on pure-bred azalea from America not producing pollen

African Heather requires agency of insects – case under Hybrids without [illeg]

29 on sterile male Peach & Almond — begs ultimately crossed by near Nectarine

45 Knight on injury from preventing access of Bees to Wall-fruit

46 on training branches of vines together to favour fertilisation

21. Silliman Journal 2d S. p5 impregnation of Campanula

22 Hort. Journal. p. 2 Crocus sterile on very poor soil in own country Herbert S

— p. 1 bis Crocus when potted never seed if not already impregnated S

X p. 2 do sterility from long cultivation by [illeg]

X 23 Journal Agricult Soc. p 4. strong facts on its effects of inter breeding in cocks do in Pigs very good.

25 Boston Journal p. 13 Tetra uprido readily breeds in confinement S

26 Linn. Tran. Brown on Orchid & [illeg] insect - agency

X 28 Madras Journal Knight on plants long propogated by cuttings becoming sterile, [illeg] seed,

29 Agricult & Hort Soc of India. on mutilation of Europe plants in India to take [illeg]

1 Temminck p.1 p. 10 p. 11 on Hoccos &c breeding under confinement S

— 47. on Peacock laying more eggs in India. Yet not variable; so sterility from unfavorable condition does not cause variation.

p. 12 sterilty of Partridges p. 13. S

16 Linnean p. 2 case of several plants ascending to heights where they are sterile. S

X 17 Semper on extinction of dogs from close interbreeding

19 Godron in N. of France change of seed generally believed in

X V. Harcourt Canary bird hard to rear. cross with domestic birds makes ones larger & stronger

23. Gallerio p. 1. attributes much check to amelioration to crossing X p. 5, p. 6 much natural crossing in oranges & lemons &c

X p 7 on crossing favoring doubleness of flowers

p 8 good effect of crossing auricula in produce of seed

p 9 Male organ 1st affected in dulling seen in dioicous plants

p. 11. Ligurian surround Berceli acts [illeg] to prevent their "falling together" with other birds

9

(Dichogamy) 5)  Intercrossing  Sterility. (9) (5

(The other sheets in Dichogamy Portfolio)

X Gardeners Chron 1862. p. 939. Even Bates crossed his Short-Horns.

Crocker (4to Pamph. 68) On sterility of Ficaria 1863 I see they seed three years.

Claperede (4to Pamph. 71) p. 22 Hermaphrodite Fish.

Bulletin Acclimat. (30 n number) p. 380 p. 384 on Fowls shut up laying fewer eggs. good. S

Transact. Entomolog. Soc. vol V. Part. 8. p. 120 Pen. on sterilty of Sphinxes S

— p 126 on strange Drone bees being allowed to enter hives

Nat. Hist. R. Part VIII p. 443 Cyneseæ requires insect aid & are irritable case like Berberies

X Devaz. p. 141 Ohio canaries are stopped [illeg] :

Isid Geoff 3/476 Buffon has remarked on greater fertility of domestic animals in several ways.

4to Pamph. (80) Bot. Z. Treviranus (X) dichogamy of Papilionaceous p. 6 other plants p. 10 Nectar (X)
VVV

8vo Pamph (289) Cohn on contractile stamen bears on intercrossing of certain Compositæ.

V Gard Chronicle 1864 p. 987 (X) intercrossing in monoicous plants

Linn. Journal VIII B. p. 256 Moggride important on Ophrys.

Nat. Hist. R. XVII 1865 p. 74 Sexuality of Cryptogams

Nat. Hist R XIX 1865 p. 365 on question whether certain Zorantheria always are self-fertilised.

See references at end of Lecoq de la Fecondation 8vo larger & search book (X) & his great work & Vancher- (X)

See many references Verlot des Varieties (X)

Transact. Ent. Soc. Vol. 2 (3d series) Part 6 p. 124 Poor on flowers of Physiathus catching many Lepidoptera (+)

V 4to Pamphlet (102) Fritz Müller on Martha most curious case of expression (X)

V 8vo — (371) Hildebrand on Salvia excellent (X)

" do (393) Nägeli Entstehung – Separation of sexes in lower plants

p. 46 artificial & scented flowers – use of colour of corolla (+)

do (399) Hildebrand on dichogamy in P[5 words illeg] (X)

Annal & Mag of Nat. Hist vol. XV 1865 p. 453 on polygamy in arrangement of sexes in Alcyon Alcyonaria

do do V. xvi. 1865. p. 14. on phyllodium never flowers in Acacia (X)

do. do Vol XVIII. p. 57. on an infusorian with all gradations on same species of Hermaphrodite from passing into unisexual status