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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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Hampshire sheep and Southdowns; and the long-woolled Cotswold were improved by crosses with the Leicester, which latter again is believed to have been a cross between several long-woolled sheep. Mr. Spooner, after considering the various cases which have been carefully recorded, concludes that from a judicious pairing of cross-bred animals it is practicable to establish a new breed. On the Continent the history of several crossed races of cattle and of other animals has been well ascertained
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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Hampshire sheep and Southdowns; and the long-woolled Cotswold were improved by crosses with the Leicester, which latter again is believed to have been a cross between several long-woolled sheep. Mr. Spooner, after considering the various cases which have been carefully recorded, concludes, that from a judicious pairing of cross-bred animals it is practicable to establish a new breed. On the Continent the history of several crossed races of cattle and of other animals has been well ascertained
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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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. 13 Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. See also an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard. 14 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867. [page] 12
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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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. Spooner (well known for his essay on Cross-breeding), by Mr. Eyton of Eyton, by Mr. Wicksted and other breeders, and especially by Mr. Waring of Chelsfield, in relation to horses, cattle, pigs, foxhounds, other dogs, and pigeons.73 In these cases, females, which either previously or subsequently were proved to be fertile, failed to breed with certain males, with whom it was particularly desired to match them. A change in the constitution of the female may sometimes have occurred before she was
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx. part ii. See also an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard. 14 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867. [page] 12
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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. Spooner (well known for his essay on Cross-breeding), by Mr. Eyton of Eyton, by Mr. Wicksted and other breeders, and especially by Mr. Waring of Chelsfield, in relation to horses, cattle, pigs, foxhounds, other dogs, and pigeons.73 In these cases, females, which either previously or subsequently were proved to be fertile, failed to breed with certain males, with whom it was particularly desired to match them. A change in the constitution of the female may sometimes have occurred before she was
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F914.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. Das Variiren der Thiere und Pflanzen im Zustande der Domestication. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. vol. 1.
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. Spooner, über Kreuz-Zuchten. [page break
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F914.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. Das Variiren der Thiere und Pflanzen im Zustande der Domestication. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. vol. 2.
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Grnerationen hindurch erstaunlich verschiedenartige Nachkommen. Der Ziichter wird zur Verzweiflung getrieben und kommt zu dem Schluss, dass er nie im Stande sein werde, eine intermediiire Hasse zu bilden. Aber nach den bereits mitgetheilten und anderen an anderen Orten aufgefiihrten Fallen scheint es, dass nur Geduld nothig ist; so bemerkt Mr. Spooner: ,.die Natur setzt einer er folgreichen Vermischung keine Grenzen; im Verlauf der Zeit ist es mit Hiilfe der Zuchtwahl und sorgf'altigen
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F879.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. [1868]. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. With a preface by Asa Gray. New York: Orange Judd and Co. vol. 1.
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, perfectly resemble either parent; and this has occurred even in the case of twins. Lastly, the ancons have been observed to keep together, separating themselves from the rest of the flock when put into enclosures with other sheep. A more interesting case has been recorded in the Re- 94 Journal of R. Agricult. Soc of England, vol. xx., part ii. W.C. Spooner on Cross-Breeding. 95 Philosoph. Transactions, London, 1813, p. 88. [page] 12
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F877.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 1.
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. above the best merino wool: even the fleeces of half-bred animals are valuable, and are known in France as the Mauchamp-merino. It is interesting, as 94 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. W. C. Spooner on Cross-Breeding. 95 'Philosoph. Transactions,' London, 1813, p. 88. [page] 10
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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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have been recorded, it appears that patience alone is necessary; as Mr. Spooner remarks, nature opposes no barrier to successful admixture; in the course of time, by the aid of selection and careful weeding, it is practicable to establish a new breed. After six or seven generations the hoped-for result will in most cases be obtained; but even then an occasional reversion, or failure to keep true, may be expected. The attempt, however, will assuredly fail if the conditions of life be decidedly
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F878.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 1.
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. above the best merino wool: even the fleeces of half-bred animals are valuable, and are known in France as the Mauchamp-merino. It is interesting, as 94 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. W. C. Spooner on Cross-Breeding. 95 'Philosoph. Transactions,' London, 1813, p. 88. [page] 10
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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have been recorded, it appears that patience alone is necessary; as Mr. Spooner remarks, nature opposes no barrier to successful admixture; in the course of time, by the aid of selection and careful weeding, it is practicable to establish a new breed. After six or seven generations the hoped-for result will in most cases be obtained; but even then an occasional reversion, or failure to keep true, may be expected. The attempt, however, will assuredly fail if the conditions of life be decidedly
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F914.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. Das Variiren der Thiere und Pflanzen im Zustande der Domestication. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. vol. 2.
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gepaart werden, viele 2 Poultry Chronicle. Vol. II, 1854, p. 36. 26 The Poultry Book, by W-.B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58. 27 Gardener's Chronicle, 1852. p. 765. 28 Spooner, in: Journal Royal Agricult. Soc. Vol. XX, P. II. [page break] 15. Cap. modificirt Rassen. 12
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F914.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. Das Variiren der Thiere und Pflanzen im Zustande der Domestication. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. vol. 2.
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fruchtba.r war, ist ohne Erfolg sieben- oder achtmal mit demselbenMann chen gepaa.rt worden, von dem man gleichfa.lls wusste, dass es vollkom men fruchtba.r sei. BeiXarrenstuten, welche sich zuweilen mit Hengsten reinen Blutes nicht fortpfla.nzen wollen, die sich a.her spater mit Ka.rren hengsten fortgepflanzt haben, ist Mr. Spooner geneigt, das Fehlschlagen . der ersten Verbindung der geringern sexuellen Kraft des Rennpferdes zuzuschreiben. Ich ha.be a.ber von dem grossten Ziichter von
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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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almost any two breeds is at once shown by the greater size and vigour of the offspring; as Mr. Spooner writes to me, crossing distinct breeds certainly improves cattle for the butcher. Such crossed animals are of course of no value to the breeder; but they have been raised during many years in several ——————————————— 3 'Cattle,' p. 199. 4 Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71: see also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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almost any two breeds is at once shown by the greater size and vigour of the offspring; as Mr. Spooner writes to me, crossing distinct breeds certainly improves cattle for the butcher. Such crossed animals are of course of no value to the breeder; but they have been raised during many years in several 3 'Cattle,' p. 199. 4 Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71: see also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently published by Mr. C
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F914.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. Das Variiren der Thiere und Pflanzen im Zustande der Domestication. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. vol. 2.
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Sperma.tozoen II, 478; scheinbare Unabhii.ngigkeit der - bei Insecten II, 503. »Sperren« II, 303. Sphingidae, Sterilitii.t der - in der Gefangenscbaft II, 212. Spielarten I, 476; bei Tauben I, 264. Spinola, iiber die schadliche Wir kung blubenden Buchweizens auf weisse Schweine II, 445. Spitzhund I 38. · Spooner, C., Kreuzzucht bei Scbafen I, 124; II, 127, 128, 159; ilber die Wirkungen der Kreuzung II, 129; iiber Kreuzung beim Rind II, 157; individuelle Sterilitl!.t II, 219. Spore n
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F879.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. [1868]. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. With a preface by Asa Gray. New York: Orange Judd and Co. vol. 1.
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Text Book 77 Skillful Housewife 75 Stewarts (John) Stable Book 1 50 Thompsons Food of Animals 1 00 Timothy Banker Papers Tobacco Culture 25 Warder's Hedges and Evergreens 1 50 Youatt and Spooner on the Horse 1 50 Youatt and Martin on Cattle 1 50 Youatt on the Hog 1 00 Youatt on Sheep 1 00 [page break
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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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of ducts in plants, ii. 300. SPERMATOPHORES of the cephalopoda, ii. 383. SPERMATOZOIDS, ii. 363-364; apparent independence of, in insects, ii. 384. SPHINGIDÆ, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 157. SPINOLA, on the injurious effect produced by flowering buckwheat on white pigs, ii. 337. SPITZ dog, i. 31. SPOONER, W. C., cross-breeding of sheep, i. 100, ii. 95-96, 120; on the effects of crossing, ii. 96-97; on crossing cattle, ii. 118; individual sterility, ii. 162. SPORES, reproduction of abnormal
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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the cephalopoda, ii. 383. SPERMATOZOIDS, ii. 363-364; apparent independence of, in insects, ii. 384. SPHINGID , sterility of, in captivity, ii. 157. SPINOLA, on the injurious effect produced by flowering buckwheat on white pigs, ii. 337. SPITZ dog, i. 31. SPOONER, W. C., cross-breeding of sheep, i. 100, ii. 95-96, 120; on the effects of crossing, ii. 96-97; on crossing cattle, ii. 118; individual sterility, ii. 162. SPORES, reproduction of abnormal forms by, i. 383. SPORTS, i. 373; in pigeons, i
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F912.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. De la variation des animaux et des plantes sous l'action de la domestication. Translated by J. J. Moulinié. Preface by Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald. vol. 2.
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de Youatt, On the pig, 1860, p. 3. W. C. Spooner, sur les croisements, Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc., vol. xx, part. II. — Ch. Howard, Gardener's Chronicle, 1860, p. 320. Gardener's Chronicle, 1857, p. 649, 652. Bull. de la Soc. d'acclimatation, 1862, t. IX, p. 463. — Moll et Gayot, du Bœuf, 1860, p. xxxii Poultry Chronicle, vol. II, 1854, p. 36. Poultry Book, 1866, p. 58. Gardener's Chronicle, 1852, p. 765. Spooner, Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc., vol. xx, p. ii. Colin, Traité de Phys. comp. des Animaux
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F912.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. De la variation des animaux et des plantes sous l'action de la domestication. Translated by J. J. Moulinié. Preface by Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald. vol. 2.
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produits ; et, comme me l'apprend M. Spooner, le croisement de races distinctes améliore certainement les individus destinés à la boucherie. Ces animaux croisés n'ont, cela va sans dire, aucune utilité pour l'éleveur, mais pendant longtemps on en a produit dans diverses parties de l'Angleterre, pour le couteau[7], et leur mérite est actuellement si bien reconnu, qu'aux expositions de bétail gras, on a établi, pour les recevoir, une classe séparée. Le plus beau bœuf gras de la grande exposition
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F912.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. De la variation des animaux et des plantes sous l'action de la domestication. Translated by J. J. Moulinié. Preface by Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald. vol. 2.
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sexuelle innée du couple qu'on veut apparier. Plusieurs cas de ce genre m'ont été signalés par M. W.-C. Spooner, M. Eyton, M. Wicksted, M. Waring de Chelsfield et d'autres éleveurs, chez les chevaux, bêtes bovines, porcs, chiens et pigeons[73]. Dans ces cas, des femelles qui, soit antérieurement, soit ensuite, s'étaient montrées fécondes, ne produisirent rien par certains mâles, avec lesquels on désirait tout particulièrement les apparier. Il se pourrait qu'il soit survenu quelque changement de
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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he gives their produce in fleece and carcase. A high authority, Mr. Pusey, sums up the result in money value during an equal length of time, namely (neglecting shillings), for Cotswolds 248l., for Leicesters 223l., for Southdowns 204l., for Hampshire Downs 264l., and for the crossbred 293l. A former celebrated breeder, Lord Somerville, states that his half-breeds from Ryelands and Spanish sheep were larger animals than either the pure Ryelands or pure Spanish sheep. Mr. Spooner concludes his
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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compatibility of the pair which are matched. Several instances have been communicated to me by Mr. W. C. Spooner (well known for his essay on Cross-breeding), by Mr. Eyton of Eyton, by Mr. Wicksted and other breeders, and especially by Mr. Waring of Chelsfield, in relation to horses, cattle, pigs, foxhounds, other dogs, and pigeons.77 In these cases, females, which either previously or subsequently were proved to be fertile, failed to breed with certain males, with whom it was particularly
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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for though they may themselves be uniform in character, they yield during many generations astonishingly diversified offspring. The breeder is driven to despair, and concludes that he will never form an intermediate race. But from the cases already given, and from others which have been recorded, it appears that patience alone is necessary; as Mr. Spooner remarks, nature opposes no barrier to successful admixture; in the course of time, by the aid of selection and careful weeding, it is
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F880.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 1.
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it sells at 25 per cent. above the best merino wool: 95 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii., W. C. Spooner on cross-Breeding. 96 'Philosoph. Transactions,' London, 1813, p. 88. [page] 10
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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pig, which now breed true, there have been repeated crosses,—for instance, the improved Essex owes its excellence to repeated crosses with the Neapolitan, together probably with some infusion of Chinese blood.22 So with our British sheep: almost all the races, except the Southdown, have been largely crossed; this, in fact, has been the history of our principal breeds. 23 To give an example, the Oxfordshire Downs now rank as an established breed.24 They were produced about the year 1830 by crossing
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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Sebright bantam, which breeds as true as any other kind of fowl, was formed about sixty years ago by a complicated cross.26 Dark Brahmas, which are believed by some fanciers to constitute a distinct species, were undoubtedly formed27 in the United States, within a recent period, by a cross between Chittagongs and Cochins. With plants there is little doubt that the Swede-turnip originated from a cross; and the history of a variety of wheat, raised from two very distinct varieties, and which after six
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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cattle, yet the good effects of a cross between almost any two breeds is at once shown by the greater size and vigour of the offspring; as Mr. Spooner writes to me, crossing distinct breeds certainly improves cattle for the butcher. Such crossed animals are of course of no value to the breeder; but they have been raised during many years in several parts of England to be slaughtered;8 and their merit is now so fully recognised, that at fat-cattle shows a separate class has been formed for their
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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SPERMATOPHORES-STRIPES. ————————————————— antagonism of growth and reproduction, ii. 379. SPERMATOPHORES of the cephalopoda, ii. 379. SPERMATOZOIDS, ii. 356, 357. SPHINGIDÆ, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 141. SPINOLA, on the injurious effect produced by flowering buckwheat on white pigs, ii. 331. SPITZ dog, i. 32. SPOONER, W. C., cross-breeding of sheep, i. 104, ii. 73, 74, 99; on the effects of crossing, ii. 74, 75; on crossing cattle, ii. 96; individual sterility, ii. 146. SPORES
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F913.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1879. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 1.
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race des Southdowns, améliorée par Ellman, en est un des plus frappants exemples. La sélection inconsciente ou accidentelle a également produit lentement des effets considérables, ainsi que nous le verrons dans les chapitres où nous traiterons de la sélection. Le croisement a largement modifié quelques races, cela est incontestable ; mais, comme le dit M. Spooner, « pour produire l'uniformité dans une race croisée, une sélection très-attentive et une épuration rigoureuse sont indispensables 95
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F913.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 2.
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le produit de croisements répétés entre les Hampshire et les Soulhdown; et les Cotswold à longue laine ont été améliorés par des croisements avec les Leicester, ces derniers étant eux-mêmes, à ce qu'on assure, le résultat d'un croisement entre plusieurs moutons à longue laine. Après avoir étudié tous les cas qui ont été enregistrés avec suffisamment de soin, M. Spooner arrive à la conclusion qu'on peut créer une nouvelle race par l'accouplement judicieux d'animaux croisés. On a, sur le continent
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F913.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 2.
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utiles, car bien qu'ayant eux-mêmes des caractères uniformes, ils produisent, quand on les accouple, des descendants qui, pendant plusieurs générations, peuvent être étonnamment diversifiés. L'éleveur se désespère et conclut à l'impossibilité de créer une nouvelle race intermédiaire. Mais, les cas que nous avons cités, et un grand nombre d'autres, semblent prouver que ce n'est qu'une affaire de patience; car, selon la remarque de M. Spooner, la nature n'offrant pas d'obstacle au mélange, on peut
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F913.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 2.
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LES UNIONS CONSANGUINES. 105 ronds : pour les Cotswolds : 6,200 fr.; pour les Leicesters, 5,57o fr. ; pour les Soulhdowns, 5,100 fr. ; pour les Hampshire Downs, 5,600 fr. ; et pour la race croisée, 7,325 fr. Lord Somerville, ancien éleveur célèbre, dit expressément que ses demi-sang provenant de croisements entre des Ryelands et des moutons Espagnols étaient beaucoup plus grands, soit que les Ryelands, soit que les Espagnols purs. M. Spooner résume son excellent ouvrage sur le croisement en
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F913.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 2.
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autres soient parfaitement féconds avec d'autres femelles et d'autres mâles. Comme il n'y a aucune raison de supposer que cela provienne de ce que ces animaux ont été exposés à un changement de conditions ou d'habitudes, ces cas rentrent à peine dans notre sujet actuel et sont dûs, selon son apparence, à une incomptabilité sexuelle innée du couple qu'on veut accoupler. Plusieurs cas de ce genre m'ont été signalés par M. W.-C. Spooner.M. Eyton, M. Wicks-ted,M.Waring de Chelsfield et d'autres
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F913.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 2.
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vigueur des produits ; et, comme me l'apprend M. Spooner, le croisement de races distinctes améliore certainement les individus destinés à la boucherie. Ces animaux croisés n'ont, cela va sans dire, aucune utilité pour l'éleveur, mais pendant longtemps on en a produit dans diverses parties de l'Angleterre pour la boucherie *, et leur mérite est actuellement 'si bien reconnu, qu'aux expositions de bétail gras, on a établi, pour les recevoir, une classe séparée. Le plus beau bœuf gras de la grande
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F913.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 2.
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indépendance apparente chez les insectes, n, 401. Sphingidés (stérilité en captivité des), n. 148. Spinola. Effets nuisibles du sarrasin en fleur sur les porcs blancs , n. 349. Spitz, chien, i, 34. Spooner, \V. C. Croisement du mouton, i, 109 ; n, 78, 79 ; effets du croisement, n, 79 ;. croisements du bétail, n, 103 ; stérilité individuelle, n, 133. Spores (reproduction de formes anormales par), i, 107. Sprengel, C. K. Plantes dichogames, ii, 72 ; passeroses, n, 90 ; fonctions des fleurs, n, 168
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F1827
Periodical contribution:
Porter, D.M. 1987. Darwin's notes on Beagle plants. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series. vol. 14(2): 145-233.
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Porter, D. M. 1986. Charles Darwin's vascular plant specimens from the voyage of HMS Beagle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 1 172. Reid, D. A., Pegler, D. N. Spooner, B. M. 1981. An annotated list of the fungi of the Galapagos Islands. Kew Bulletin 35: 847 892. Sabine, J. 1824. On the native country of the wild potatoe, with an account of its culture in the garden of the Horticultural Society. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 5: 249 259. Silva, P. C. 1966
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