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here give a single instance of one of the cases of difficulty. 1859 1860 1861 1866
specify one such difficult case. 1869
specify one difficult case. 1872

elsewhere. 1859 1860 1861 1866
elsewhere,— striking instances of which have been given by Dr. A. A. Gould in relation to the Pacific. 1869 1872

be, on my view, 1859 1860 1861 1866
be, according to our view, 1869
be 1872

occasionally crawl on and 1859 1860 1861 1866
sometimes 1869 1872

of these shells was 1859 1860 1861 1866
shell, 1869 1872

it had 1859 1860 1861 1866
having been thus treated and 1869 1872

6 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1861; present in 1866 1869 1872
During this length of time it might have been carried by a marine current, running at an average rate, to a distance of 660 geographical miles. As this Helix has a thick calcareous operculum, I removed it, and when it had formed a new membranous one, I again immersed it for fourteen days in sea-water, and it recovered and crawled away. Baron Aucapitaine has recently tried similar experiments: he placed 100 land-shells, belonging to ten species, in a box pierced with holes, and immersed it for a fortnight in the sea. Out of the hundred shells, twenty-seven recovered. The presence of an operculum seems to have been of importance, as out of twelve specimens of Cyclostoma elegans, which is thus furnished, eleven revived. It is remarkable, seeing how well Helix pomatia with me resisted the salt-water, that not one out of fifty-four specimens belonging to four species of Helix tried by Aucapitaine, recovered.

1 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1861 1866; present in 1869 1872
It is, however, not at all probable that land-shells have often been thus transported; the feet of birds is a more probable method.

Subtitle not present 1859 1860 1861 On the Relations of the Inhabitants of Islands to those of the nearest Mainland . 1869 1872
in regard to the inhabitants of islands, is their affinity 1859 1860 1861
in regard to islands, is the affinity 1866
is the affinity of the species which inhabit islands 1869 1872

to 1859 1860 1861 1869 1872
of their inhabitants to 1866

I will give only one, that of the 1859 1860 1861 1866
The 1869 1872

between 1859 1860 1861 1866
lies at the distance of between 1869 1872

I will here give a single instance of one of the cases of difficulty. Almost all oceanic islands, even the most isolated and smallest, are inhabited by land-shells, generally by endemic species, but sometimes by species found elsewhere. Dr. Aug. A. Gould has given several interesting cases in regard to the land-shells of the islands of the Pacific. Now it is notorious that land-shells are
very
very
easily killed by
sea-water;
salt;
their eggs, at least such as I have tried, sink in
sea-water,
it
sea-water
and are
killed.
killed
by
by
it.
it.
Yet there must be, on my view, some unknown, but
occasionally
highly
efficient means for their transportal. Would the just-hatched young occasionally crawl on and adhere to the feet of birds roosting on the ground, and thus get transported? It occurred to me that land-shells, when hybernating and having a membranous diaphragm over the mouth of the shell, might be floated in chinks of drifted timber across moderately wide arms of the sea. And I
find
found
that several species
did
did
in this state
withstood
withstand
uninjured an immersion in sea-water during seven days: one of these shells was the Helix pomatia,
and
and
after it had again
hybernating
hybernated
was
I
put
it into
into
it in
sea-water for twenty days, and
it
it
perfectly recovered. As this species has a thick calcareous operculum, I removed it, and when it had formed a new membranous one, I immersed it for fourteen days in sea-water, and it recovered and crawled away: but more experiments are wanted on this head.
The most striking and important fact for us in regard to the inhabitants of islands, is their affinity to those of the nearest mainland, without being actually the
same.
same
species.
species.
Numerous instances could be
given.
given
of
of
this
this
law.
fact.
fact.
I will give only one, that of the Galapagos Archipelago, situated under the equator, between 500 and 600 miles from the shores of South America. Here