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1859
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1869
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1860
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1869
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land-shells, 1859 1860 1861 1866
species of land-shells, 1869 1872

In many other instances, as in the several districts of the same continent, 1859 1860 1861 1866
On the same continent, 1872
OMIT 1869

species under 1859 1860 1861 1866
the species which inhabit different districts with nearly 1869 1872

conditions of life. 1859 1860 1861 1866
physical conditions on the same continent. 1869
physical conditions. 1872

plants. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
plants; so it is, according to Mr. Bates, with the butterflies and other animals inhabiting the great, open, and continuous valley of the Amazons. 1872

principle which determines 1859 1860 1861 1866
same principle which governs 1869 1872

fauna and flora 1859 1860 1861 1866
inhabitants 1869 1872

that the inhabitants, when not identically the same, yet are plainly related 1859 1860 1861 1866
their relation 1869
the relation 1872

inhabitants of that region 1859 1860 1861 1866
source 1869 1872

derived,— the colonists having been subsequently modified and better fitted to their new homes,— 1859 1860 1861 1866
most easily derived, together with their subsequent modification, 1869 1872

forms, chiefly of plants, have spread widely throughout the world 1859 1860 1861 1866
species have become widely spread 1869 1872

American 1859 1860 1861 1866
belonging to American 1869 1872

Porto Santo possess many distinct but representative land-shells, some of which live in crevices of stone; and although large quantities of stone are annually transported from Porto Santo to
Maderia,
Madeira,
yet this latter island has not become colonised by the Porto Santo species: nevertheless both islands have been colonised by
some
some
European land-shells, which no doubt had some advantage over the indigenous species. From these considerations I think we need not greatly marvel at the endemic
and representative
and representative
species
species,
which inhabit the several islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, not having
all
universally
spread from island to island. In many other instances, as in the several districts of the same continent,
Preoccupation
also, preoccupation
pre-occupation
has
also probably
probably
played an important part in checking the commingling of species under the same conditions of life. Thus, the south-east and south-west corners of Australia have nearly the same physical conditions, and are united by continuous land, yet they are inhabited by a vast number of distinct mammals, birds, and plants.
The principle which determines the general character of the fauna and flora of oceanic islands, namely, that the inhabitants, when not identically the same, yet are plainly related to the inhabitants of that region whence colonists could
most readily
most readily
have been derived,— the colonists having been subsequently modified and better fitted to their new homes,— is of the widest application throughout nature. We see this on every
mountain-summit,
mountain,
in every lake and marsh. For Alpine species, excepting in
as
so
far as the same forms, chiefly of plants, have spread widely throughout the world during the
recent
recent
Glacial epoch, are related to those of the surrounding
lowlands;
lowlands;—
thus we have in South America, Alpine humming-birds, Alpine rodents, Alpine
plants,&c.,
plants, &c.,
all
strictly of
strictly
of strictly
American
forms;
forms,
and it is obvious