Origin of Species Variorum

→ land-shells, 1859 1860 1861 1866

species of land-shells, 1869 1872

→ In many other instances, as in the several districts of the same continent, 1859 1860 1861 1866

On the same continent, 1872

OMIT 1869

→ species under 1859 1860 1861 1866

the species which inhabit different districts with nearly 1869 1872

→ conditions of life. 1859 1860 1861 1866

physical conditions on the same continent. 1869

physical conditions. 1872

→ plants. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

plants; so it is, according to Mr. Bates, with the butterflies and other animals inhabiting the great, open, and continuous valley of the Amazons. 1872

→ principle which determines 1859 1860 1861 1866

same principle which governs 1869 1872

→ fauna and flora 1859 1860 1861 1866

inhabitants 1869 1872

→ that the inhabitants, when not identically the same, yet are plainly related 1859 1860 1861 1866

their relation 1869

the relation 1872

→ inhabitants of that region 1859 1860 1861 1866

source 1869 1872

→ derived,— the colonists having been subsequently modified and better fitted to their new homes,— 1859 1860 1861 1866

most easily derived, together with their subsequent modification, 1869 1872

→ forms, chiefly of plants, have spread widely throughout the world 1859 1860 1861 1866

species have become widely spread 1869 1872

subject; namely, that

Madeira

Maderia

and the adjoining islet of Porto Santo possess many distinct but representative →land-shells, some of which live in crevices of stone; and although large quantities of stone are annually transported from Porto Santo to

Madeira,

Maderia,

yet this latter island has not become colonised by the Porto Santo species: nevertheless both islands have been colonised by

~~some~~

some

European land-shells, which no doubt had some advantage over the indigenous species. From these considerations I think we need not greatly marvel at the endemic

~~and representative~~

and representative

species

species,

which inhabit the several islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, not having

all

universally

spread from island to island. →In many other instances, as in the several districts of the same continent,

Preoccupation

also, preoccupation

pre-occupation

has

also probably

probably

played an important part in checking the commingling of →species under the same →conditions of life. Thus, the south-east and south-west corners of Australia have nearly the same physical conditions, and are united by continuous land, yet they are inhabited by a vast number of distinct mammals, birds, and →plants.

The →principle which determines the general character of the →fauna and flora of oceanic islands, namely, →that the inhabitants, when not identically the same, yet are plainly related to the →inhabitants of that region whence colonists could

~~most readily~~

most readily

have been →derived,— the colonists having been subsequently modified and better fitted to their new homes,— is of the widest application throughout nature. We see this on every

mountain-summit,

mountain,

in every lake and marsh. For Alpine species, excepting in

far as the same →forms, chiefly of plants, have spread widely throughout the world during the

~~recent~~

recent

Glacial epoch, are related to those of the surrounding

lowlands;

lowlands;—

thus we have in South America, Alpine humming-birds, Alpine rodents, Alpine

plants,&c.,

plants, &c.,