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1 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1861 1872; present in 1866 1869
Land-shells and fresh-water crustaceans are born with their proper forms, whilst the marine members of these two great classes pass through considerable and often great developmental changes.

The larvæ of insects, whether 1859 1860 1861
With almost all insects, the larvæ, whether 1866
The larvæ of most insects pass through a worm-like stage, whether they are active and 1869 1872

the most diverse and active 1859 1860 1861
diversified and active 1866
diversified 1869 1872

being fed by their parents or placed in the midst of proper nutriment, 1859 1860 1861
being placed in the midst of proper nutriment or fed by their parents, 1866
from being placed in the midst of proper nutriment 1869 1872

yet nearly all pass through a similar worm-like stage of development; 1859 1860 1861 1866
or from being fed by their parents; 1869 1872

by Professor Huxley of the development of this insect, 1859 1860 1861 1866
of the development of this insect, by Professor Huxley, 1869 1872

of embryos of different species within the same class, generally, 1859 1860 1861 1866
the general, 1869
the common, 1872

each other;— 1859 1860 1861 1866
between the embryos or larvæ 1869 1872

structure of 1859 1860 1861 1866
most distinct species in the same class;— 1869 1872

not being closely related to its conditions of existence, except when the embryo becomes at any period of life active and has 1859 1860 1861
not being closely related to its conditions of existence, existence, except when the embryo becomes at any period of life active and has 1866
retaining whilst within the egg or womb, structures which are of no service to it, either at that period or later in life; whilst embryos at a later period, or larvæ, which have 1869
often retaining whilst within the egg or womb, structures which are of no service to it, either at that or at a later period of life; on the other hand larvæ, which have 1872

itself;— of the embryo apparently having sometimes a higher 1859 1860 1861 1866
their own wants, are perfectly adapted to the surrounding conditions;— and lastly the fact of certain larvæ standing higher in the scale of 1869
their own wants, being perfectly adapted to the surrounding conditions;— and lastly the fact of certain larvæ standing higher in the scale of 1872

necessarily 1859 1860 1861 1866
or individual differences necessarily 1869 1872

head— indeed the evidence rather 1859 1860 1861 1866
head, but what we have certainly 1869 1872

adult: thus Owen has remarked in regard to cuttle-fish, "there is no metamorphosis; the cephalopodic character is manifested long before the parts of the embryo are
completed."
completed;"
and
and
again
again
in
in
spiders,
spiders,
"there
"there
is
is
nothing
nothing
worthy
worthy
to
to
be
be
called
called
a
a
metamorphosis."
metamorphosis."
The larvæ of insects, whether adapted to the most diverse and active habits, or
remaining
are
quite
inactive
inactive,
being fed by their parents or placed in the midst of proper nutriment, yet nearly all pass through a similar worm-like stage of development; but in some few cases, as in that of Aphis, if we look to the admirable drawings by Professor Huxley of the development of this insect, we see
hardly any
no
trace of the vermiform stage.
How, then, can we explain these several facts in embryology,—
namely,
namely
the very general,
though
but
not
universal,
universal
difference in structure between the embryo and the adult;—
the various
of
parts in the same
individual
indivividual
embryo
embryo,
which ultimately become very unlike and serve for diverse purposes, being at
an
this
early period of growth alike;— of embryos of different species within the same class, generally, but not
invariable,
universally,
resemblance
resembling
each other;— of the structure of the embryo not being closely related to its conditions of existence, except when the embryo becomes at any period of life active and has to provide for itself;— of the embryo apparently having sometimes a higher organisation than the mature
animals
animal
animal,
into which
they are
it is
developed.
developed?
I believe that all these facts can be
ex- plained,
explained,
as
follows.
follows,
on
on
the
the
view
view
of
of
descent
descent
with
with
modification.
modification.
It is commonly assumed, perhaps from monstrosities
often
often
affecting the
embryo
embryos
at a very early period, that slight variations necessarily appear at an equally early period.
We
But we
have little evidence on this head— indeed the evidence rather points the other way; for it is notorious that breeders of cattle, horses, and various