Origin of Species Variorum

→ we cannot doubt that 1861 1866

I have no doubt that 1859 1860

OMIT 1869 1872

→ due to some quite distinct cause, probably 1859 1860 1861 1866

probably in chief part due 1869 1872

→ the hooks 1859 1860 1861 1866

and which there is reason to believe from the distribution of the thorn-bearing species in Africa and South America, serves as a defence against browsing quad- rupeds, so the hooks 1869

and which, as there is reason to believe from the distribution of the thorn-bearing species in Africa and South America, serve as a defence against browsing quadrupeds, so the spikes 1872

→ have arisen from unknown laws of growth, and 1859 1860 1861 1866

first 1869

at first 1872

→ subsequently 1859 1860 1861 1866

developed for this object, and subsequently been 1869

developed for this object, and subsequently have been improved and 1872

→ undergoing 1859 1860 1861 1866

as it underwent 1869 1872

→ producing slight and unimportant variations; 1859 1860 1861 1866

of each slight variation or individual difference; 1869 1872

↑ 1 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869; present in 1872

With cattle susceptibility to the attacks of flies is correlated with colour, as is the liability to be poisoned by certain plants; so that even colour would be thus subjected to the action of natural selection.

→ on the whole organisation 1861 1866 1869

OMIT 1872

→ is 1861 1866 1869

on the whole organisation is 1872

→we cannot doubt that the colour is →due to some quite distinct cause, probably to sexual selection. A trailing

bamboo

palm

in the Malay

Archipelego

Archipelago

climbs the loftiest trees by the aid of exquisitely constructed hooks clustered around the ends of the branches, and this contrivance, no doubt, is of the highest service to the plant; but as we see nearly similar hooks on many trees which are not climbers, →the hooks on the

bamboo

palm

may →have arisen from unknown laws of growth, and have been →subsequently taken advantage of by the

plant,

plant

→undergoing further modification and

became

becoming

a climber. The naked skin on the head of a vulture is generally

looked at

considered

as a direct adaptation for wallowing in putridity; and so it may be, or it may possibly be due to the direct action of putrid matter; but we should be very cautious in drawing any such inference, when we see that the skin on the head of the clean-feeding male

Turkey

turkey

is likewise naked. The sutures in the skulls of young mammals have been advanced as a beautiful adaptation for aiding parturition, and no doubt they facilitate, or may be indispensable for this act; but as sutures occur in the skulls of young birds and reptiles, which have only to escape from a broken egg, we may infer that this structure has arisen from the laws of growth, and has been taken advantage of in the parturition of the higher animals.

We are profoundly ignorant of the

cause

causes

→producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are

immedi- ately

immediately

made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences

between

the breeds of our domesticated animals in different

countries,—more

countries,—

~~more~~

especially in the less

civilized

civilised

countries where there has been but little

methodical

artificial

selection. ↑

Careful

Some

Other

observes

observers

are convinced that a damp climate affects the growth of the hair, and that with the hair the horns are correlated. Mountain breeds always differ from lowland breeds; and a mountainous country would probably affect the hind limbs from exercising them more, and possibly even the form of the pelvis; and then by the law of homologous variation, the front limbs and

even

....

the head would probably be affected. The shape, also, of the pelvis might affect by pressure the shape of

certain parts

the head

of the young in the womb. The laborious breathing necessary in high regions

tends, as

would,

we have

good

~~some~~

some

reason to believe,

to increase

increase

the size of the chest; and again correlation would come into play. The effects →on the whole organisation of lessened exercise

together with

with

abundant food →is probably still more important; and this, as H. von Nathusius has lately shown in his excellent Treatise, is apparently one chief cause of the great modification which the breeds of swine have undergone. Animals kept by savages in different countries often have to struggle for their own subsistence, and

are

would be

exposed to a certain extent to natural

selection,

selec- tion,