Origin of Species Variorum

→ distinct 1866 1869

species inhabiting distinct 1872

→ inhabited by groups of species and by single species which when brought together and crossed are found to be more or less sterile; 1866

inhabited by groups of species and by single spe- cies which when brought together and crossed are found to be more or less sterile; 1869

sterile when crossed; 1872

→ a 1866

form should be rendered utterly impotent on a 1869

form should have been rendered utterly impotent on a 1872

→ form. 1866

form; for this peculiar state of the reproductive system could not possibly be advantageous to either species. 1869

form; for this peculiar state of the reproductive system could hardly have been advantageous to either species. 1872

↑ 11 blocks not present in 1866 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861

These two cases are fundamentally different, for, as just remarked, in the union of two pure species the male and female sexual elements are perfect, whereas in hybrids they are imperfect. Even in first crosses, the greater or lesser difficulty in effecting a union apparently depends on several distinct causes. There must sometimes be a physical impossibility in the male element reaching the ovule, as would be the case with a plant having a pistil too long for the pollen-tubes to reach the ovarium. It has also been observed that when pollen of one species is placed on the stigma of a distantly allied species, though the pollen-tubes protrude, they do not penetrate the stigmatic surface. Again, the male element may reach the female element, but be incapable of causing an embryo to be developed, as seems to have been the case with some of Thuret's experiments on Fuci. No explanation can be given of these facts, any more than why certain trees cannot be grafted on others. Lastly, an embryo may be developed, and then perish at an early period. This latter alternative has not been sufficiently attended to; but I believe, from observations communicated to me by Mr. Hewitt, who has had great experience in hybridising gallinaceous birds, that the early death of the embryo is a very frequent cause of sterility in first crosses. I was at first very unwilling to believe in this view; as hybrids, when once born, are generally healthy and long-lived, as we see in the case of the common mule. Hybrids, however, are differently circumstanced before and after birth: when born and living in a country where their two parents can live, they are generally placed under suitable conditions of life. But a hybrid partakes of only half of the nature and constitution of its mother, and therefore before birth, as long as it is nourished within its mother's womb or within the egg or seed produced by the mother, it may be exposed to conditions in some degree unsuitable, and consequently be liable to perish at an early period; more especially as all very young beings seem eminently sensitive to injurious or unnatural conditions of life.

→ one great 1866

in rendering species mutually sterile, one great 1869

in rendering species mutually sterile, the greatest 1872

→ on the principle above explained, 1866 1869

OMIT 1872

→ parent-form 1866 1869

parent form or 1872

→ newly-forming variety. 1866

new species in process of formation. 1869 1872

it would clearly be advantageous to two varieties or incipient species, if they could be kept from blending, on the same principle that, when man is selecting at the same time two varieties, it is necessary that he should keep them separate. In the first place, it may be remarked that →distinct regions are often →inhabited by groups of species and by single species which when brought together and crossed are found to be more or less sterile; now it could clearly have been of no advantage to such separated species to have been rendered mutually sterile, and consequently this could not have been effected through natural selection; but it may perhaps be

argued,

argued

~~with truth,~~

with truth,

that, if a species

was

were

rendered sterile with some one compatriot, sterility with other species would

~~probably~~

probably

follow as a necessary contingency. In the second place, it is

almost as

much opposed to the theory of natural selection as to that of special creation, that in reciprocal crosses the male element of one →a second form, whilst at the same time the male element of this second form is enabled freely to fertilise the first →form. ↑

But in

considering the probability of natural selection having come into action, →one great difficulty will be found to lie in the existence of many graduated steps from

~~very~~

very

slightly lessened fertility to

~~utter and~~

utter and

absolute sterility. It may be

admitted

admitted,

→on the principle above explained, that it would profit an incipient

species,

species

if it were rendered in some slight degree sterile when crossed with its →parent-form

with some other variety; for thus fewer bastardised and deteriorated offspring would be produced to commingle their blood with the →newly-forming variety. But he who will take the trouble to reflect on the steps by which this first degree of sterility could be increased through natural selection