Origin of Species Variorum

→ the German Spitz dog crosses more easily with the fox than do other dogs, or that 1866 1869

the German Spitz dog unites more easily than other dogs with foxes, or that 1859 1860 1861

OMIT 1872

→ these dogs have 1859 1860 1861 1866

these dogs are 1869

they are 1872

→ It can, in 1859 1860 1866

In 1861 1869 1872

→ be clearly shown that mere external dissimilarity between two species does not determine their greater or lesser degree 1859 1860 1866

we must remember how ignorant we are regarding the precise cause 1861

it may be observed that the amount of external difference between two species is no sure guide to their degree 1869 1872

→ sterility when crossed; and we may apply the same rule to domestic varieties. 1859 1860 1866

sterility, both when species are crossed and when species are removed from their natural conditions. 1861

mutual sterility, so that similar differences in the case of varieties would be no sure guide. 1869 1872

↑ 4 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1866 1869 1872; present in 1861

On this latter head I have not had space to adduce the many remarkable facts which could have been given; with respect to sterility from crossing, reflect on the difference in the result of reciprocal crosses,— reflect on the singular cases in which a plant can be more easily fertilised by foreign pollen than by its own. When we think over such cases, and on that of the differently coloured varieties of Verbascum presently to be given, we must feel how ignorant we are, and how little likely it is that we should understand why certain forms are fertile and other forms are sterile when crossed. It can, in the second place, be clearly shown that mere external dissimilarity between two species does not determine their greater or lesser degree of sterility when crossed; and we may apply the same rule to domestic varieties. In the third place, some eminent naturalists believe that a long course of domestication tends to eliminate sterility in the successive generations of hybrids which were at first only slightly sterile; and if this be so, we surely ought not to expect to find sterility both appearing and disappearing under nearly the same domestic conditions of life.

↑ 5 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1861 1866; present in 1869 1872

It is almost certain that with species the cause lies exclusively in differences in their sexual constitution. Now the conditions to which domesticated animals and cultivated plants have been subjected, have had so little tendency towards modifying the reproductive system in a manner leading to mutual sterility, that we have good grounds for admitting the directly opposite doctrine of Pallas, namely, that such conditions generally eliminate this tendency; so that the domesticated descendants of species, which in their natural state would have been in some degree sterile when crossed, become perfectly fertile together. With plants, so far is cultivation from giving a tendency towards sterility between distinct species, that in several well-authenticated cases already alluded to, certain plants have been affected in an opposite manner, for they have become self-impotent, whilst still retaining the capacity of fertilising and being fertilised by, other species. If the Pallasian doctrine of the elimination of sterility through long-continued domestication be admitted, and it can hardly be rejected, it becomes in the highest degree improbable that similar circumstances should both induce and eliminate the same tendency; though in certain cases, with species having a peculiar constitution, sterility might occasionally be thus induced. Thus, as I believe, we can understand why with domesticated animals varieties have not been produced which are mutually sterile; and why with plants only a few such cases, immediately to be given, have been observed.

→ we must remember how ignorant we are on the precise causes of 1866

some eminent naturalists believe that a long course of domestication tends to eliminate sterility in the successive generations of hybrids, which were at first only slightly sterile; and if this be so, we surely ought not to expect to find 1859

some eminent naturalists believe that a long course of domestication tends to eliminate sterility in the successive generations of hybrids which were at first only slightly sterile; and if this be so, we surely ought not to expect to find 1860

→ when species are crossed, and when species are removed from their natural conditions. 1866

appearing and disappearing under nearly the same conditions of life. 1859 1860

some doubt.

doubt.

For when it is stated, for instance, that →the German Spitz dog crosses more easily with the fox than do other dogs, or that certain South American indigenous domestic dogs do not readily

cross

unite

with European dogs, the explanation which will occur to every one, and probably the true one, is that →these dogs have descended from

several

....

aboriginally distinct species. Nevertheless the perfect fertility of so many domestic

races,

varieties,

differing widely from each other in appearance, for instance

those of

the

pigeon,

pigeon

....

the cabbage, is a remarkable fact; more especially when we reflect how many species there are, which, though resembling each other most closely, are utterly sterile when intercrossed. Several considerations, however, render

the

this

fertility of domestic varieties less

remarkable

than

first

appears.

→It can, in the first

place

place,

→be clearly shown that mere external dissimilarity between two species does not determine their greater or lesser degree of →sterility when crossed; and we may apply the same rule to domestic varieties. ↑ ↑ In the second place, →we must remember how ignorant we are on the precise causes of

sterility

sterility,

both →when species are crossed, and when species are removed from their natural conditions. On this latter head I have not had space to give the many remarkable facts which could have been adduced. With respect to sterility from crossing, it is good to reflect on the difference in the result of reciprocal crosses, and on those singular cases in which a plant can be more easily fertilised by pollen from a distinct species than by its own. When we think over such cases, and on that of the differently coloured varieties of Verbascum presently to be given, we must feel how ignorant we are, and how little likely it is that we should understand why certain forms are fertile and other forms are sterile when crossed. In the third place, there is good evidence for believing