Origin of Species Variorum

→ No two marine faunas are more 1859 1860 1861 1866

The marine inhabitants of the eastern and western shores of South America are very 1869 1872

→ hardly a fish, shell, or crab 1859 1860 1861 1866

extremely few fishes, shells, or crabs 1869

extremely few shells, crustacea or echinodermata 1872

→ than those of the eastern and western shores of South and Central America; yet these great faunas are separated only by the narrow, but impassable, isthmus of Panama. 1859 1860 1861 1866

but Dr. Günther has recently shown that on opposite sides of the isthmus of Panama, about thirty percent of the fishes are the same; and this fact has led naturalists to believe that the isthmus was formerly open. 1869

but Dr. Günther has recently shown that about thirty per cent. 1872

→ Westward of the 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

of the fishes are the same on the opposite sides of the isthmus of Panama; and this fact has led naturalists to believe that the isthmus was formerly open. Westward of the 1872

→ fauna. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

fauna. So that three marine faunas range far northward and southward in parallel lines not far from each other, under corresponding climates; but from being separated from each other by impassable barriers, either of land or open sea, they are almost wholly distinct. 1872

→ or continuous coasts, until 1860 1861 1866 1869

until 1859

or continuous coasts, until, 1872

→ hardly one shell, crab, or fish is 1866

hardly one shell, crab or fish is 1859 1860 1861

so few shells, crabs, or fishes 1869

so few marine animals are 1872

from each other as is possible. On each continent, also, we see the same fact; for on the opposite sides of lofty and continuous mountain-ranges,

~~and~~

and

of great deserts, and

~~sometimes~~

sometimes

even of large rivers, we find different productions; though as mountain-chains, deserts,

&c,

&c.,

are not as impassable, or likely to have endured so

long

long,

as the oceans separating continents, the differences are very inferior in degree to those characteristic of distinct continents.

Turning to the sea, we find the same law. →No two marine faunas are more distinct, with →hardly a fish, shell, or crab in

common;

common,

→than those of the eastern and western shores of South and Central America; yet these great faunas are separated only by the narrow, but impassable, isthmus of Panama. →Westward of the shores of America, a wide space of open ocean extends, with not an island as a halting-place for emigrants; here we have a barrier of another kind, and as soon as this is passed we meet in the eastern islands of the

Pacific,

Pacific

with another and totally distinct →fauna. So that

~~here~~

here

three marine faunas range far northward and

southward

southward,

in parallel lines not far from each other, under corresponding climates; but from being separated from each other by impassable barriers, either of land or open sea, they are

almost wholly

wholly

distinct. On the other hand, proceeding still

further

farther

westward from the eastern islands of the tropical parts of the Pacific, we encounter no impassable barriers, and we have innumerable islands as halting-places, →or continuous coasts, until after travelling over a

hemisphere,

hemisphere

we come to the shores of Africa; and over this vast space we meet with no well-defined and distinct marine faunas. Although →hardly one shell, crab, or fish is

are common

common

to the

above- named

above-named

three approximate faunas of Eastern and Western America and the eastern Pacific islands, yet many

fishes

fish