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No two marine faunas are more 1859 1860 1861 1866
The marine inhabitants of the eastern and western shores of South America are very 1869 1872

hardly a fish, shell, or crab 1859 1860 1861 1866
extremely few fishes, shells, or crabs 1869
extremely few shells, crustacea or echinodermata 1872

than those of the eastern and western shores of South and Central America; yet these great faunas are separated only by the narrow, but impassable, isthmus of Panama. 1859 1860 1861 1866
but Dr. Günther has recently shown that on opposite sides of the isthmus of Panama, about thirty percent of the fishes are the same; and this fact has led naturalists to believe that the isthmus was formerly open. 1869
but Dr. Günther has recently shown that about thirty per cent. 1872

Westward of the 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
of the fishes are the same on the opposite sides of the isthmus of Panama; and this fact has led naturalists to believe that the isthmus was formerly open. Westward of the 1872

fauna. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
fauna. So that three marine faunas range far northward and southward in parallel lines not far from each other, under corresponding climates; but from being separated from each other by impassable barriers, either of land or open sea, they are almost wholly distinct. 1872

or continuous coasts, until 1860 1861 1866 1869
until 1859
or continuous coasts, until, 1872

hardly one shell, crab, or fish is 1866
hardly one shell, crab or fish is 1859 1860 1861
so few shells, crabs, or fishes 1869
so few marine animals are 1872

from each other as is possible. On each continent, also, we see the same fact; for on the opposite sides of lofty and continuous mountain-ranges,
and
and
of great deserts, and
sometimes
sometimes
even of large rivers, we find different productions; though as mountain-chains, deserts,
&c,
&c.,
are not as impassable, or likely to have endured so
long
long,
as the oceans separating continents, the differences are very inferior in degree to those characteristic of distinct continents.
Turning to the sea, we find the same law. No two marine faunas are more distinct, with hardly a fish, shell, or crab in
common;
common,
than those of the eastern and western shores of South and Central America; yet these great faunas are separated only by the narrow, but impassable, isthmus of Panama. Westward of the shores of America, a wide space of open ocean extends, with not an island as a halting-place for emigrants; here we have a barrier of another kind, and as soon as this is passed we meet in the eastern islands of the
Pacific,
Pacific
with another and totally distinct fauna. So that
here
here
three marine faunas range far northward and
southward
southward,
in parallel lines not far from each other, under corresponding climates; but from being separated from each other by impassable barriers, either of land or open sea, they are
almost wholly
wholly
distinct. On the other hand, proceeding still
further
farther
westward from the eastern islands of the tropical parts of the Pacific, we encounter no impassable barriers, and we have innumerable islands as halting-places, or continuous coasts, until after travelling over a
hemisphere,
hemisphere
we come to the shores of Africa; and over this vast space we meet with no well-defined and distinct marine faunas. Although hardly one shell, crab, or fish is
are common
common
to the
above- named
above-named
three approximate faunas of Eastern and Western America and the eastern Pacific islands, yet many
fishes
fish