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find from experiments 1861 1866 1869 1872
have, also, reason to believe 1859 1860

1 blocks not present in 1861 1866 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860
From experiments which I have tried, I have found that the visits of bees, if not indispensable, are at least highly beneficial to the fertilisation of our clovers; but humble-bees alone visit the common red clover (Trifolium pratense), as other bees cannot reach the nectar.

this 1861 1866
whether they could do so 1869 1872

being apparently not 1861 1866
not being 1869 1872

we may infer as highly probable 1861 1866 1869 1872
I have very little doubt, 1859 1860

two-thirds 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872
two thirds of 1859

pollen-masses and thus to fertilise them. I find from experiments that humble-bees are
indispensable
almost indispensable
to the fertilisation of the heartsease (Viola tricolor), for other bees do not visit this flower. I have also found that the visits of bees are necessary for the fertilisation of some kinds of clover: for instance, 20 heads of Dutch clover (Trifolium repens) yielded 2,290
seeds;
seeds,
but 20 other heads protected from bees produced not one. Again, 100 heads of red clover (T. pratense)
pro- duced
produced
2,700 seeds, but the same number of protected heads produced not a single seed. Humble-bees alone visit red clover, as other bees cannot reach the nectar. It has been suggested that moths may
serve to
serve to
fertilise the clovers; but I doubt this in the case of the red clover, from their weight being apparently not sufficient to depress the
wing petals.
wing-petals.
Hence we may infer as highly probable
that
that,
if the whole genus of humble-bees became extinct or very rare in England, the heartsease and red clover would become very rare, or wholly disappear. The number of humble-bees in any district depends in a great
measure
degree
on the number of field-mice, which destroy their combs and nests; and
Mr. H.
Col.
Newman, who has long attended to the habits of humble-bees, believes that "more than two-thirds
them
of them
are thus destroyed all over England." Now the number of mice is largely dependent, as every one knows, on the number of cats; and
Mr. Newman
Col.Newman
Col. Newman
says, "Near villages and small towns I have found the nests of humble-bees more numerous than elsewhere, which I attribute to the
numbe
number
r of
of
cats that destroy the mice." Hence it is quite credible that the presence of a feline animal in large numbers in a district might determine, through the intervention first of mice and then of bees, the frequency of certain flowers in that district!
In the case of every species, many different checks,