Origin of Species Variorum

→ an image of despair, over 1860 1861 1866 1869

over 1859

an image of despair over 1872

→ few: the masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves. 1860 1861 1866 1869

few. 1859

few: 1872

↑ 1 blocks not present in 1860 1861 1866 1869; present in 1859 1872

The masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves.

agitation, and one was perched motionless with its own pupa in its mouth on the top of a spray of

heath

heath,

→an image of despair, over its ravaged home.

Such are the facts, though they did not need confirmation by me, in regard to the wonderful instinct of making slaves. Let it be observed what a contrast the instinctive habits of F. sanguinea present with those of the

continental F.

rufescens. The latter does not build its own nest, does not determine its own migrations, does not collect food for itself or its young, and cannot even feed itself: it is absolutely dependent on its numerous slaves. Formica sanguinea, on the other hand, possesses much fewer slaves, and in the early part of the summer extremely →few: the masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves. ↑ Both in Switzerland and England the slaves seem to have the exclusive care of the larvæ, and the masters alone go on slave-making expeditions. In Switzerland the slaves and masters work together, making and bringing materials for the

nest:

nest;

both, but chiefly the slaves, tend, and

milk

milk,

as it may be called, their aphides; and thus both collect food for the community. In England the masters alone usually leave the nest to collect building materials and food for themselves, their slaves and larvæ. So that the masters in this country receive much less service from their slaves than they do in Switzerland.

By what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not

slave-makers

slave-makers,

will, as I have seen, carry off

the pupæ

pupæ

of other species, if scattered near their nests, it is possible that

pupæ

such pupæ

originally stored as food might become developed; and the

ants

foreign ants

thus unintentionally reared would then follow their proper instincts, and do what work they could. If their presence proved useful