Origin of Species Variorum

→ other, 1866 1869

other, 1859

other , 1860 1861

other , 1872

→ a few grand classes; 1869 1872

one grand natural system; 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ all extinct species can 1869

all fossils can 1859 1860 1861 1866

extinct species can all 1872

→ cannot be disputed. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

is certainly true; but as this statement has often been ignored or even denied, it may be well to make some remarks on this subject, and to give some instances. 1872

→ alone, 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

species of the same class, 1872

→ With respect to the vertebrata, whole pages could be filled with illustrations from Owen, showing how 1869

With respect to the Vertebrata, whole pages could be filled with striking illustrations from our great palæontologist, Owen, showing how 1859 1860 1861

With respect to the vertebrata, whole pages could be filled with striking illustrations from our great palæontologist, Owen, showing how 1866

In the writings of Professor Owen we continually meet with the expression of generalised forms, as applied to 1872

→ between existing groups. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

the writings of Agassiz, of prophetic or synthetic types; and these terms imply that such forms are in fact intermediate or connecting links. 1872

→ the two 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

two of the 1872

→ Owen has discovered 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

OMIT 1872

→ that he 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

have been disentombed that Owen 1872

→ OMIT 1869 1872

of these two orders; 1859 1860 1861 1866

↑ 5 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869; present in 1872

The Ungulata or hoofed quadrupeds are now divided into the even-toed or odd-toed divisions; but the Macrauchenia of S. America connects to a certain extent these two grand divisions. No one will deny that the Hipparion is intermediate between the existing horse and certain older ungulate forms. What a wonderful connecting link in the chain of mammals is the Typotherium from S. America, as the name given to it by Professor Gervais expresses, and which cannot be placed in any existing order. The Sirenia form a very distinct group of mammals, and one of the most remarkable peculiarities in the existing dugong and lamentin is the entire absence of hind limbs, without even a rudiment being left; but the extinct Halitherium had, according to Professor Flower, an ossified thigh-bone "articulated to a well-defined acetabulum in the pelvis," and it thus makes some approach to ordinary hoofed quadrupeds, to which the Sirenia are in other respects allied. The cetaceans or whales are widely different from all other mammals, but the tertiary Zeuglodon and Squalodon, which have been placed by some naturalists in an order by themselves, are considered by Professor Huxley to be undoubtedly cetaceans, "and to constitute connecting links with the aquatic carnivora."

→ shows that very 1869

has shown in the most striking manner that 1872

→ connect in the plainest manner 1869

serve to break down the intervals between 1872

of the

form

forms

of life, and the order would falsely appear to be strictly parallel; nevertheless the species would not

all be

be all

the same in the apparently corresponding stages in the two regions.

the

Affinities

extinct

Extinct

Species

each

→ other,

and

living

Living

forms .—

forms. —

Forms.

Forms .

Let us now look to the mutual affinities of extinct and living species.

All

They

fall

all

~~fall~~

fall

into →a few grand classes; and this fact is at once explained on the principle of descent. The more ancient any form is, the more, as a general rule, it differs from living forms. But, as Buckland long ago remarked, →all extinct species can be classed either in still existing groups, or between them. That the extinct forms of life help to fill up the

wide

....

intervals between existing genera, families, and orders, →cannot be disputed.

For if

we confine our attention either to the living or to the extinct →alone, the series is far less perfect than if we combine both into one general system. →With respect to the vertebrata, whole pages could be filled with illustrations from Owen, showing how extinct

animals;

animals

and

fall

in →between existing groups. Cuvier ranked the Ruminants and Pachyderms, as →the two most distinct orders of

mammals:

mammals;

but →Owen has discovered so many fossil

links

links,

→that he has had to alter the whole

classification

classification,

→OMIT and has placed certain pachyderms in the same sub-order with

ruminants;

ruminants:

for example, he dissolves by

~~fine~~

fine

gradations the apparently wide

interval

difference

between the pig and the camel. ↑ Another distinguished palæontologist, M. Gaudry, →shows that very many of the fossil mammals discovered by him in Attica →connect in the plainest manner existing genera. Even the wide interval between birds and reptiles has been shown by Professor