Origin of Species Variorum

→ of F. sanguinea from 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872

from 1859

→ OMIT 1861 1866 1869 1872

as Huber has described, 1859

(instead of being carried by, as in the case of F. rufescens) 1860

→ jaws instead of being carried by them, as in the case of F. rufescens. 1861 1866 1869 1872

jaws. 1859 1860

→ returning home and entering 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872

entering 1859

→ a long file of ants 1860 1861 1869 1872

the returning file 1859

a long life of ants 1866

on the slaves being captured in greater numbers in Switzerland than in England.

One day I fortunately

chanced to

....

witness

witnessed

a migration →of F. sanguinea from one nest to another, and it was a most interesting spectacle to behold the masters carefully

carrying,

carrying

→OMIT their slaves in their →jaws instead of being carried by them, as in the case of F. rufescens. Another day my attention was struck by about a score of the

slavemakers

slave-makers

haunting the same spot, and evidently not in search of food; they approached and were vigorously repulsed by an independent community of the

slave species

slavespecies

slave-species

(F. fusca); sometimes as many as three of these ants clinging to the legs of the slave-making F. sanguinea. The latter ruthlessly killed their small opponents, and carried their dead bodies as food to their nest, twenty-nine yards distant; but they were prevented from getting any pupæ to rear as slaves. I then dug up a small parcel of the pupæ of F. fusca from another nest, and put them down on a bare spot near the place of combat; they were eagerly

seized,

seized

and carried off by the tyrants, who perhaps fancied that, after all, they had been victorious in their late combat.

At the same time I laid on the same place a small parcel of the pupæ of another species, F. flava,

with,

with

a few of these little yellow ants still clinging to the fragments of

the

their

nest.

neSt.

This species is sometimes, though rarely, made into slaves, as has been described by Mr. Smith. Although so small a species, it is very courageous, and I have seen it ferociously attack other ants. In one instance I found to my surprise an independent community of F. flava under a stone beneath a nest of the slave-making F. sanguinea; and when I had accidentally disturbed both nests, the little ants attacked their big neighbours with surprising courage. Now I was curious to ascertain whether F. sanguinea could distinguish the pupæ of F. fusca, which they habitually make into slaves, from those of the little and furious F. flava, which they rarely capture, and it was evident that they did at once distinguish

them:

them;

for we have seen that they eagerly and instantly seized the pupæ of F. fusca, whereas they were much terrified when they came across the pupæ, or even the earth from the

nest

nest,

of F. flava, and quickly ran away; but in about a quarter of an hour, shortly after all the little yellow ants had crawled away, they took heart and carried off the pupæ.

One evening I visited another community of F. sanguinea, and found a number of these ants →returning home and entering their

nest,

nests,

carrying the dead bodies of F. fusca (showing that it was not a migration) and numerous pupæ. I traced →a long file of ants burthened with