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OMIT 1872
or some few 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

groups or species 1872
species 1859 1860
groups of species 1861 1866 1869

and consequently that the transitional forms would often long remain confined to some one region; but 1861 1866 1869 1872
but 1859 1860

adaptation had once 1861 1866 1869 1872
had 1859 1860

OMIT 1869 1872
be able to 1859 1860 1861 1866

mammals were 1869 1872
the great class of mammals was 1859 1860
the whole class of mammals was 1861 1866

belongs 1859 1872
for its thickness, belongs 1860 1861 1866 1869

series. 1859 1860 1861 1869 1872
series. Cuvier used to urge that no monkey occurred in any tertiary stratum; but now extinct species have been discovered in India, South America, and in Europe, as far back as the miocene stage. 1866

consecutive formations,— longer perhaps in
some
most
many
cases than the time required for the accumulation of each formation. These intervals will have given time for the multiplication of species from some one OMIT
parent-forms;
parent-form:
and in the succeeding
formation
formation,
such groups or species will appear as if suddenly created.
I may here recall a remark formerly made,
namely
namely,
that it might require a long succession of ages to adapt an organism to some new and peculiar line of life, for
instance
instance,
to fly through the air; and consequently that the transitional forms would often long remain confined to some one region; but
that
that,
when this adaptation had once been effected, and a few species had thus acquired a great advantage over other organisms, a comparatively short time would be necessary to produce many divergent forms, which would OMIT spread rapidly and widely throughout the world. Professor Pictet, in his excellent Review of this work, in commenting on early transitional forms, and taking birds as an illustration, cannot see how the successive modifications of the anterior limbs of a supposed prototype could possibly have been of any advantage. But look at the penguins of the Southern Ocean; have not these birds their front limbs in this precise intermediate state of
"neither
"neither
true arms nor true
wings"?
wings"?
Yet these birds hold their place victoriously in the battle for life; for they exist in infinite numbers and of many kinds. I do not
sup- pose
suppose
that we here see the real transitional
grade
grades
through which the wings of birds have passed; but what special difficulty is there in believing that it might profit the modified descendants of the penguin, first to become enabled to flap along the surface of the sea like the logger-headed duck, and ultimately to rise from its surface and glide through the air?
I will now give a few examples to illustrate
these
the foregoing
remarks;
remarks,
and to show how liable we are to error in supposing that whole groups of species have suddenly been produced. Even in so short an interval as that between the first and second editions of
Pictets
Pictet's
great work on Palæontology, published in 1844-46 and
in
....
1853-57, the conclusions on the first appearance and disappearance of several groups of animals have been considerably modified; and a third edition would require still further changes. I may recall the well-known fact that in geological treatises, published not many years ago, mammals were always spoken of as having abruptly come in at the commencement of the tertiary series. And now one of the richest known accumulations of fossil
mammals,
mammals
belongs to the middle of the secondary series; and
one
....
true
mammal
mammals
has
have
been discovered in the new red sandstone at nearly the commencement of this great series. Cuvier used to urge that no monkey occurred in