Origin of Species Variorum

→ must have taken 1869 1872

took 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ become 1859 1860 1861 1869 1872

been liable to become 1866

→ Europe and N. America. 1866 1869 1872

the two Worlds. 1859 1860 1861

→ some closely allied, still 1872

many 1859 1860 1861

some still 1866 1869

→ extinct tertiary 1872

tertiary representative 1859 1860 1861

of some tertiary closely allied 1866 1869

→ these two areas being now completely 1866 1869 1872

areas now 1859 1860 1861

→ the breadth of a whole 1866 1869 1872

a 1859 1860 1861

→ wide spaces of 1872

nearly a hemisphere of equatorial 1859 1860 1861

a wide space of 1866 1869

→ close relationship in species either now or formerly inhabiting the seas on the eastern and western shores 1869 1872

relationship, without identity, of the inhabitants of seas now disjoined, and likewise of the past and present inhabitants of the temperate lands 1859 1860 1861

close relationship in many species either now or formerly inhabiting the seas on the eastern and western shores 1866

→ the Mediterranean and Japan, and the temperate lands of North America and 1866 1869 1872

and 1859 1860 1861

→ parts of South Africa or Australia, 1866 1869 1872

the southern continents of the Old World, 1859 1860 1861

completely cut off from each other. This separation, as far as the more temperate productions are concerned, →must have taken place long ages ago.

And as

the plants and animals migrated southward, they

would have

would

will have

→become mingled in the one great region with the native American productions, and

have

would have

had to compete with them; and in the other great region, with those of the Old World. Consequently we have here everything favourable for much modification,— for far more modification than with the Alpine productions, left isolated, within a much more recent period, on the several mountain-ranges and on the arctic lands of →Europe and N. America. Hence it has come, that when we compare the now living productions of the temperate regions of the New and Old Worlds, we find very few identical species (though Asa Gray has lately shown that more plants are identical than was formerly supposed), but we find in every great class many forms, which some naturalists rank as geographical races, and others as distinct species; and a host of closely allied or representative forms which are ranked by all naturalists as specifically distinct.

As on the land, so in the waters of the sea, a slow southern migration of a marine fauna,

which

which,

during the Pliocene or even a somewhat earlier period, was nearly uniform along the continuous shores of the Polar Circle, will account, on the theory of modification, for many closely allied forms now living in

areas

marine areas

completely sundered. Thus, I think, we can understand the presence of →some closely allied, still existing and →extinct tertiary

forms

forms,

on the eastern and western shores of temperate North America; and the still more striking

case

fact

of many closely allied crustaceans (as described in

Danas

Dana's

admirable work),

....

some fish and other marine animals,

inhabiting

the Mediterranean and

....

the seas of Japan,— →these two areas being now completely separated by →the breadth of a whole continent and by →wide spaces of ocean.

These cases of →close relationship in species either now or formerly inhabiting the seas on the eastern and western shores of North

America

America,

→the Mediterranean and Japan, and the temperate lands of North America and Europe, are inexplicable on the theory of creation. We cannot

say

maintain

that

they

such species

have been created alike, in correspondence with the nearly similar physical conditions of the areas; for if we compare, for instance, certain parts of South America with →parts of South Africa or Australia, we see countries closely

corresponding

similar

in all their physical conditions,

but

....

with

~~their~~

their

inhabitants utterly