Origin of Species Variorum

→ Periods in the North and South . 1872

Period . 1866

Periods of the North and South . 1869

→ ancient and gigantic 1872

gigantic ancient 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ in New Zealand immense 1872

enormous 1866

immense 1869

→ OMIT 1872

in New Zealand; 1866 1869

↑ 2 blocks not present in 1866 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861

South of the equator, we have some direct evidence of former glacial action in New Zealand; and the same plants, found on widely separated mountains in this island, tell the same story. If one account which has been published can be trusted, we have direct evidence of glacial action in the south-eastern corner of Australia.

→ of the continent, as 1869 1872

as 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ nearly under the equator, glaciers 1869 1872

glaciers 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ examined 1861 1866 1869 1872

was astonished at the structure of 1859 1860

→ with great boulders, crossing the Portillo valley, which there can hardly be a doubt once formed a huge moraine; and Mr. D. Forbes informs me that he found in various parts of the Cordillera, from lat. 13° to 30° S., at about the height of 12,000 feet, deeply-furrowed rocks, resembling those with which he was familiar in Norway, and likewise great masses of detritus, including grooved pebbles. 1872

about 800 feet in height, crossing a valley of the Andes; and this I now feel convinced was a gigantic moraine, left far below any existing glacier. 1859 1860

with great boulders, crossing the Portillo valley, which there can hardly be a doubt once formed a huge moraine; and Mr. D. Forbes informs me that he found in various parts of the Cordillera, from lat. 13° to 30° S., at about the height of 12,000 feet, deeply-furrowed rocks, resembling those with which he was familiar in Norway, and likewise great masses of detritus, including grooved pebbles. 1869

→ from 1859 1860 1861 1869 1872

former glacial action, in huge boulders transported far from 1866

Mundane

Alternate

Glacial → Periods in the North and South .

But we must return to our more immediate

subject,

the

Glacial

period.

I am convinced that

Forbess

Forbes's

view may be largely extended. In Europe we

have

meet with

the plainest evidence of the

cold

Glacial

period, from the western shores of Britain to the Oural range, and southward to the Pyrenees. We may

infer,

infer

from the frozen mammals and nature of the mountain vegetation, that Siberia was similarly affected. In the Lebanon, according to Dr. Hooker, perpetual snow formerly covered the central axis, and

feed

fed

glaciers which rolled 4000 feet down

its

the

valleys. The same observer has recently found great moraines at a low level on the Atlas range in N. Africa. Along the Himalaya, at points 900 miles apart, glaciers have left the marks of their former low descent; and in Sikkim, Dr. Hooker saw maize growing on →ancient and gigantic moraines. Southward of the

great

Asiatic

continent

continent,

of Asia,

....

on the opposite side of the equator, we

now

....

know, from the excellent researches of Dr. J. Haast and Dr. Hector, that →in New Zealand immense glaciers formerly descended to a low

level

level;

→OMIT and the same plants found by Dr. Hooker on widely separated mountains in this island tell the same story of a former cold period. From facts

lately

....

communicated to me by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, it appears also that there are

clear

....

traces of former glacial action on the mountains of the south-eastern corner of Australia. ↑

Looking to

America;

America:

in the northern half, ice-borne fragments of rock have been observed on the eastern side →of the continent, as far south as lat.

36°-37°,

36°— 37°,

36°-37°,

and on the shores of the Pacific, where the climate is now so different, as far south as lat.

46°;

46°.

erratic

Erratic

boulders have, also, been noticed on the Rocky Mountains. In the Cordillera of

Equatorial

equatorial

....

South America, →nearly under the equator, glaciers once extended far below their

presen

present

level. In

central

Central

Chili

Chile

I →examined a vast mound of

detritus,

detritus

→with great boulders, crossing the Portillo valley, which there can hardly be a doubt once formed a huge moraine; and Mr. D. Forbes informs me that he found in various parts of the Cordillera, from lat. 13° to 30° S., at about the height of 12,000 feet, deeply-furrowed rocks, resembling those with which he was familiar in Norway, and likewise great masses of detritus, including grooved pebbles. Along this whole space of the Cordillera true glaciers do not now exist even at much more considerable heights.

Further

Farther

south on both sides of the continent, from lat.

41°

to the southernmost extremity, we have the clearest evidence of former glacial action, in

huge

numerous immense

boulders transported far →from their parent source.

From these several facts, namely from the glacial action having