Origin of Species Variorum

→ still retaining its hooks, which would form a useless appendage like 1872

having as useless an appendage as any rudimentary organ,— for instance, as 1859 1860 1861 1866

which might still retain the hooks, which would not form a more useless appendage than 1869

→ which had 1869 1872

though it would have 1859 1860 1861

though it might have 1866

→ with the many 1869 1872

in stature with a 1859 1860 1861

on a continent with many 1866

→ growing on a continent, might, when 1869 1872

when 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ gain an advantage over other herbaceous plants 1872

and having to compete with herbaceous plants alone, might readily gain an advantage 1859 1860 1861 1866

gain an advantage 1869

→ by 1859 1860 1861 1869 1872

over them by 1866

→ taller and overtopping them. 1872

taller and overtopping the other plants. 1859 1860 1861

overtopping them. 1866

taller and overtopping the other herbaceous plants. 1869

→ In this case, 1869 1872

If so, 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ OMIT 1869 1872

when growing on an island, 1859

when growing on an oceanic island, 1860 1861

when growing on oceanic islands, 1866

→ first convert it into a bush and then into a 1872

convert them first into bushes and ultimately into 1859 1860 1861 1866

convert it first into a bush and then into a 1869

→ of animals on 1869 1872

on 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ true, with the exception of New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Andaman Islands, and perhaps the Salomon Islands and the Seychelles. 1872

true. 1859 1860 1861

true, with the exception of New Zealand, of the Andaman Islands, and perhaps of the Salomon Islands. 1866 1869

↑ 1 blocks not present in 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861 1866

I have, however, been assured that a frog exists on the mountains of the great island of New Zealand; but I suspect that this exception (if the information be correct) may be explained through glacial agency.

→ and New Caledonia ought 1872

ought 1869

→ groups and the Seychelles. 1872

groups. 1869

→ OMIT 1872

known to be 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ (with the exception, as far as known, of one Indian species) by sea-water, 1872

by sea-water, on my view we can see that 1859 1860

by sea-water, 1861 1866 1869

→ we can see why 1869 1872

why 1859 1860

on my view we can see why 1861 1866

→ and 1872

but 1859 1860 1861 1866

and as yet I 1869

→ OMIT 1869 1872

finished my search; as yet I have not 1859 1860 1861 1866

species, →still retaining its hooks, which would form a useless appendage like the shrivelled wings under the soldered

elytra

wing-covers

of many insular beetles. Again, islands often possess trees or bushes belonging to orders

~~which~~

which

elsewhere

including

include

only herbaceous species; now trees, as Alph. de Candolle has shown, generally have,

what- ever

whatever

the cause may be, confined ranges. Hence trees would

little likely to reach distant oceanic islands; and an herbaceous plant, →which had no chance of

suc- cessfully

successfully

competing →with the many fully developed

tree,

trees,

trees

→growing on a continent, might, when established on an

island

island,

→gain an advantage over other herbaceous plants →by growing taller and →taller and overtopping them. →In this case, natural selection would

often

....

tend to add to the stature of

herbaceous

the

plants

plant,

→OMIT to whatever order

they

belonged, and thus →first convert it into a bush and then into a

trees.

tree.

Absence of Batrachians and Terrestrial Mammals on

Oceania

Oceanic

Islands .

With respect to the absence of whole orders →of animals on oceanic islands, Bory St. Vincent long ago remarked that Batrachians (frogs, toads, newts)

have

are

never

been

....

found on any of the many islands with which the great oceans are studded. I have taken pains to verify this assertion, and

....

have found it

strictly

....

→true, with the exception of New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Andaman Islands, and perhaps the Salomon Islands and the Seychelles. ↑ But I have already remarked that it is doubtful whether New Zealand →and New Caledonia ought to be classed as

....

oceanic

island;

islands;

and this is still more doubtful with respect to the Andaman and Salomon →groups and the Seychelles. This general absence of frogs, toads, and newts on so many

oceanic

true oceanic

islands cannot be accounted for by their physical

conditions;

conditions:

indeed it seems that islands are peculiarly

well

....

fitted for these animals; for frogs have been introduced into Madeira, the Azores, and Mauritius, and have multiplied so

as-to

as to

become a nuisance. But as these animals and their spawn are →OMIT immediately killed →(with the exception, as far as known, of one Indian species) by sea-water, there would be great difficulty in their transportal across the sea, and therefore →we can see why they do not exist on

any

strictly

oceanic

island.

islands.

But why, on the theory of creation, they should not have been created there, it would be very difficult to explain.

Mammals offer another and similar case. I have carefully searched the oldest voyages, →and have not →OMIT found a single instance, free from doubt, of a terrestrial mammal (excluding domesticated animals kept by the natives) inhabiting an island situated above 300 miles from a continent or great continental island; and many islands situated at a much less distance are equally barren. The Falkland