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See page in:
1859
1860
1861
1866
1869
1872

Compare with:
1859
1860
1861
1866
1869

→ ancient languages had altered very 1869 1872
very ancient language had altered 1859 1860 1861 1866
→ had altered much owing 1869 1872
(owing 1859 1860 1861 1866
→ races, 1869 1872
from a common race) had altered much, 1859 1860 1861
from a common stock) had altered much, 1866
→ the species, with the 1869 1872
species, with 1859 1860 1861 1866
→ the varieties; and in some cases, as with the domestic pigeon, with 1872
varieties; and with our domestic productions, 1859 1860 1861 1866
the varieties; and in some cases, as with domestic pigeons, 1869
↑ 1 blocks not present in 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861 1866
The origin of the existence of groups subordinate to groups, is the same with varieties as with species, namely, closeness of descent with various degrees of modification.
→ as in classifying 1869 1872
in classifying varieties, as with 1859 1860 1861 1866
→ of the sub-varieties differ 1869 1872
sub-varieties differ from the others 1859 1860 1861 1866
→ the length of the 1872
having a longer 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
taking the case of languages. If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world; and if all extinct languages, and all intermediate and slowly changing dialects,
had
were
to be included, such an arrangement
would,
would
I think,
....
be the only possible one. Yet it might be that some →ancient languages had altered very
little,
little
and had given rise to few new languages, whilst others →had altered much owing to the
spreading
spreading,
and subsequent
....
isolation
isolation,
and
states
state
of civilisation of the several
races,
....
descended
co-descended
→races, and had
given
thus given
rise to many new
languages
dialects
and
dialects.
languages.
The various degrees of difference
in
between
the languages
from
of
the same stock, would have to be expressed by groups subordinate to groups; but the proper or even
only
the only
possible arrangement would still be genealogical; and this would be strictly natural, as it would connect together all languages, extinct and
modern,
recent,
by the closest affinities, and would give the filiation and origin of each tongue.
In confirmation of this view, let us glance at the classification of varieties, which are
believed
known
or
known
believed
to
have
be
descended from
one
a single
species. These are grouped under →the species, with the sub-varieties under →the varieties; and in some cases, as with the domestic pigeon, with several other grades of
difference
difference.
are
....
requisite,
requisite.
....
as
OMIT
....
we
OMIT
....
have
OMIT
....
seen
OMIT
....
with
OMIT
....
pigeons.
OMIT
....
↑ Nearly the same rules are followed →as in classifying species. Authors have insisted on the necessity of
classing
arranging
varieties on a natural instead of an artificial system; we are cautioned, for instance, not to class two varieties of the pine-apple together, merely because their fruit, though the most important part, happens to be nearly identical; no one puts the
swedish
Swedish
and common
turnips
turnip
together, though the esculent and thickened stems are so similar. Whatever part is found to be most constant, is used in classing varieties: thus the great agriculturist Marshall says the horns are very useful for this purpose with cattle, because they are less variable than the shape or colour of the body, &c.; whereas with sheep the horns are much less serviceable, because less constant. In classing
varieties,
varieties;
I apprehend
if
that if
we had a real pedigree, a genealogical classification would be universally
preferred:
preferred;
and it has been attempted
by
in
some
authors.
cases.
For we might feel sure, whether there had been more or less modification,
the
that the
principle of inheritance would keep the forms together which were allied in the greatest number of points. In tumbler pigeons, though some →of the sub-varieties differ in the important character of →the length of the beak, yet all are kept together from having the common habit of tumbling; but the short-faced breed has nearly or quite lost this
habit;
habit:
nevertheless,