Origin of Species Variorum

→ Rudimentary , 1872

Rudimentary , 1859 1860 1861

Rudimentary, 1866 1869

→ Atrophied , 1872

atrophied , 1859 1860 1861

Atrophied, 1866 1869

→ Organs . 1866 1872

organs .— 1859

Organs — . 1860

Organs .— 1861

Organs . 1869

→ or even general, throughout 1869 1872

throughout 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ or other is 1872

is 1869

↑ 2 blocks not present in 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

For instance, rudimentary mammæ are very general in the males of mammals: I presume that the "bastard-wing" in birds may be safely considered as a digit in a rudimentary state: in very many snakes one lobe of the lungs is rudimentary; in other snakes there are rudiments of the pelvis and hind limbs. Some of the cases of rudimentary organs are extremely curious; for instance, the presence of teeth in fœtal whales, which when grown up have not a tooth in their heads; and the presence of teeth, which never cut through the gums, in the upper jaws of our unborn calves.

↑ 2 blocks not present in 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861 1866

It has even been stated on good authority that rudiments of teeth can be detected in the beaks of certain embryonic birds. Nothing can be plainer than that wings are formed for flight, yet in how many insects do we see wings so reduced in size as to be utterly incapable of flight, and not rarely lying under wing-cases, firmly soldered together!

→ plainly declare their origin and 1872

declare their origin and plain 1869

→ OMIT 1869 1872

The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: for instance 1859 1860 1861

The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: for instance, 1866

→ belonging to closely allied species, or even to 1869 1872

of 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ identical species, which have either full-sized and perfect wings, or mere 1872

genus (and even of the same species) resembling each other most closely in all respects, one of which will have full-sized wings, and another mere 1859 1860 1861 1866

identical species, which have either full-sized and perfect wings, or mere minute 1869

→ which not rarely lie under wing-covers firmly soldered together; and in these cases 1872

and here 1859 1860 1861 1866

not rarely lying under wing-covers firmly soldered together; and in this case 1869

→ this occasionally occurs 1869 1872

and are merely not developed: this seems to be the case 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ which have been known to 1872

for many instances are on record of these organs having 1859 1860 1861 1866

for they have been known to 1869

→ and to 1869 1872

in full-grown males, and having 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ OMIT 1869 1872

there are normally four developed and two rudimentary teats 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ there are normally four 1869 1872

but in our domestic cows the two sometimes become 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ two rudimentary teats; but the latter in our domestic cows sometimes become well developed and yield 1869 1872

give 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ regard to plants 1869 1872

individual plants of the same species 1859

plants of the same species 1860 1861 1866

→ are sometimes 1869 1872

sometimes occur as mere 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ well-developed in the individuals of the same species. 1872

in a well-developed state. 1859 1860 1861 1866

well-developed in individuals of the same species. 1869

→ certain plants having separated sexes 1872

plants with separated sexes, 1859 1860 1861

some plants with their sexes separated, 1866

certain diœcious plants Kölreuter found that by crossing a species, in which 1869

→ Kölreuter found that by crossing a species, in which the male flowers included a rudiment of a pistil, 1872

the male flowers often have a rudiment of a pistil; and Kölreuter found that by crossing such male plants with an hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil 1859 1860 1861

the male flowers include a rudiment of a pistil; and Kölreuter found that by crossing a species of this kind with another hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil 1866

the male flowers included a rudiment of a pistil, with an hermaphrodite species, having of course a well-developed pistil, the rudiment 1869

→ with an hermaphrodite species, having of course a well-developed pistil, the rudiment in 1872

in 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ clearly shows that 1869 1872

shows that 1859 1860 1861

clearly shows how essen- tially alike in nature 1866

→ Rudimentary , → Atrophied ,

and

aborted

Aborted

→ Organs .

Organs or parts in this strange condition, bearing the

stamp

plain stamp

of inutility, are extremely

common

common,

→or even general, throughout nature. It would be

difficult

impossible

to name one of the higher animals in which some part →or other is not in a rudimentary condition. In the mammalia, for instance, the males possess rudimentary mammæ; in snakes one lobe of the lungs is rudimentary; in birds the "bastard-wing" may safely be considered as a rudimentary digit, and in some species the whole wing is so far rudimentary that it cannot be used for flight. What can be more curious than the presence of teeth in fœtal whales, which when grown up have not a tooth in their heads; or the teeth, which never cut through the gums, in the upper jaws of unborn calves? ↑ ↑

Rudimentary organs →plainly declare their origin and meaning in various ways. →OMIT

there

There

are beetles →belonging to closely allied species, or even to the same →identical species, which have either full-sized and perfect wings, or mere rudiments of

membrane;

membrane,

→which not rarely lie under wing-covers firmly soldered together; and in these cases it is impossible to doubt, that the rudiments represent wings. Rudimentary organs sometimes retain their

potentiality,

potentiality:

→this occasionally occurs with the mammæ of male mammals, →which have been known to become well

developed,

developed

→and to

secreted

secrete

milk. So again →OMIT in the udders

the genus

Bos;

Bos,

→there are normally four developed and →two rudimentary teats; but the latter in our domestic cows sometimes become well developed and yield milk. In →regard to plants the petals →are sometimes

rudiments,

rudimental,

rudimentary,

and sometimes →well-developed in the individuals of the same species. In →certain plants having separated sexes →Kölreuter found that by crossing a species, in which the male flowers included a rudiment of a pistil, →with an hermaphrodite species, having of course a well-developed pistil, the rudiment in the hybrid offspring was much increased in size; and this →clearly shows that the

rudiment

rudimentary

and

the

....

perfect

pistil

are.

~~essentially~~

~~alike~~

~~nature.~~

An animal may possess various parts in a perfect state, and yet they may in one sense be rudimentary, for they are useless: thus the tadpole of the common Salamander or

newt,

Water-newt,

as Mr. G. H. Lewes remarks, "has gills, and passes its existence

"in

the water; but the Salamandra atra, which lives

"high

high

up among the mountains, brings forth its young

"full-formed.

full-formed.

This animal never lives in the water.

"Yet