Origin of Species Variorum

→ Finally, as 1872

As the presence of 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ by whatever steps they may have been degraded into their present useless condition, are the record of a former state of things, and have been retained solely through the power of 1872

is thus due to the tendency in every part of the organisation, which has long existed, to be 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ in placing organisms in their proper places in the natural system, have often 1872

have 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ in accordance with the views here explained. 1869 1872

and can be accounted for by the laws of inheritance. 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ all organic beings 1869 1872

group to group in all organisms 1859 1860 1861

group to group in all organic beings 1866

→ in groups under groups— that 1872

that 1859 1860 1861 1866

in group under group— that 1869

→ into a few grand classes,— 1872

into one grand system; 1859 1860 1861 1866

in a few grand classes,— 1869

→ or of 1872

vital importance, or of 1859 1860 1861 1866

or 1869

→ if we admit 1869 1872

on the view of 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ OMIT 1869 1872

which are considered by naturalists as allied, 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ variation and natural 1872

natural 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

effects of disuse, rudimentary and would at last be wholly suppressed; for the variations towards diminished size would no longer be checked by natural selection. The principle of the economy of growth, explained in a former chapter, by which the materials forming any part, if not useful to the possessor, are saved as far as is possible, will perhaps come into play in rendering a useless part rudimentary. But this principle will almost necessarily be confined to the earlier stages of the process of reduction; for we cannot suppose that a minute papilla, for instance, representing in a male flower the pistil of the female flower, and formed merely of cellular tissue, could be further reduced or absorbed for the sake of economising nutriment.

→Finally, as rudimentary

organs

organs,

→by whatever steps they may have been degraded into their present useless condition, are the record of a former state of things, and have been retained solely through the power of

inherited—

inheritance,—

we can understand, on the genealogical view of classification, how it is that

systematists

systematists,

→in placing organisms in their proper places in the natural system, have often found rudimentary parts as useful as, or even sometimes more useful than, parts of high physiological importance. Rudimentary organs may be compared with the letters in a word, still retained in the spelling, but become useless in the pronunciation, but which serve as a clue

in seeking

....

for its derivation. On the view of descent

with,

with

modification, we may conclude that the existence of organs in a rudimentary, imperfect, and useless condition, or quite aborted, far from presenting a strange difficulty, as they assuredly do on the

ordinary

old

doctrine of creation, might even have been

anticipated,

anticipated

→in accordance with the views here explained.

Summary .—

Summary .

In this chapter I have attempted to show, that the

subordination

arrangement

of →all organic beings throughout all

time;

time

→in groups under groups— that the nature of the

relationship,

relationships

by which all living and extinct

beings

organisms

are united by complex, radiating, and circuitous lines of affinities →into a few grand classes,— the rules followed and the difficulties encountered by naturalists in their

classifications;

classifications,—

the value set upon characters, if constant and prevalent, whether of high →or of the most trifling importance, or, as

with

rudimentary organs, of no

importance;

importance,—

the wide opposition in value between analogical or adaptive characters, and characters of true affinity; and other such rules;— all naturally follow →if we admit the common parentage of

those

allied

forms

forms,

→OMIT together with their modification through →variation and natural