Origin of Species Variorum

→ (crossing being prevented) could 1872

could 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ half-a-dozen 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872

half a dozen 1859

→ in the same manner as 1872

like 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ preserved in due proportion. 1872

sorted. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ them, if 1872

species of the same genus, when 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ climates! In Russia the small Asiatic cockroach has everywhere driven before it its great congener. 1869 1872

climates! 1859 1860 1861 1866

↑ 1 blocks not present in 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861 1866

In Russia the small Asiatic cockroach has everywhere driven before it its great congener.

→ has been known to 1866 1869 1872

will 1859 1860 1861

food, and are exposed to the same dangers. In the case of varieties of the same species, the struggle will generally be almost equally severe, and we sometimes see the contest soon decided: for instance, if several varieties of wheat be sown together, and the mixed seed be resown, some of the varieties which best suit the soil or climate, or are naturally the most fertile, will beat the others and so yield more seed, and will consequently in a few years

quite

....

supplant the other varieties. To keep up a mixed stock of even such extremely close varieties as the

variously coloured

variously-coloured

sweet-peas, they must be each year harvested separately, and the seed then mixed in due

propor- tion,

proportion,

otherwise the weaker kinds will steadily decrease in

numbers

number

and disappear. So again with the varieties of

sheep:

sheep;

it has been asserted that certain mountain-varieties will starve out other mountain-varieties, so that they cannot be kept together. The same result has followed from keeping together different varieties of the medicinal leech. It may even be doubted whether the varieties of any

one

....

of our domestic plants or animals have so exactly the same strength, habits, and constitution, that the original proportions of a mixed stock →(crossing being prevented) could be kept up for →half-a-dozen generations, if they were allowed to struggle together, →in the same manner as beings in a state of nature, and if the seed or young were not annually →preserved in due proportion.

Struggle

for

Life

most

severe

between

Individuals

and

Varieties

the

same

Species.

species

the species

of the same genus

have usually,

usually have,

though by no means invariably,

some

much

similarity in habits and constitution, and always in structure, the struggle will generally be more severe between →them, if they come into competition with each other, than between

species

the species

of distinct genera. We see this in the recent extension over parts of the United States of one species of swallow having caused the decrease of another species. The recent increase of the missel-thrush in parts of Scotland has caused the decrease of the song-thrush. How frequently we hear of one species of rat taking the place of another species under the most different →climates! In Russia the small Asiatic cockroach has everywhere driven before it its great congener. ↑ In Australia the imported hive-bee is rapidly exterminating the small, stingless native bee. One species of charlock →has been known to supplant

another,

another

and

species; and

so in other cases. We can dimly see why the competition should be most severe between allied forms, which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature; but probably in no one case could we precisely say why one species has been victorious over another in the great battle of life.