Origin of Species Variorum

↑ 1 blocks not present in 1866 1869 1872; present in 1859 1860 1861

Hence more new places will be formed, and the competition to fill them will be more severe, on a large than on a small and isolated area.

→ OMIT 1872

owing to oscillations of level, 1859 1860 1861

owing to former oscillations of level, 1866 1869

→ owing to former oscillations of level, have 1872

have recently 1859 1860 1861

have 1866 1869

→ the greatest number of 1872

most 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ In accordance with this view, we 1872

We 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ OMIT 1872

on these views, 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ productions of the smaller 1872

smaller 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ OMIT 1872

have formerly yielded, and apparently are 1859 1860 1861 1866

are 1869

→ islands. 1859 1861 1866 1869 1872

islands. On a small island, the race for life will have been less severe, and there will have been less modification and less exter- mination. 1860

→ On a small island, the race for life will have been less severe, and there will have been less modification and less extermination. 1861 1866 1869 1872

On a small island, the race for life will have been less severe, and there will have been less modification and less exter- mination. 1859

Hence, perhaps, it comes that the flora of Madeira, according to Oswald Heer, resembles the extinct tertiary flora of Europe. 1860

→ Hence, we can understand how it is that the flora of Madeira, according to Oswald Heer, resembles to a certain extent the extinct tertiary flora of Europe. 1872

Hence, perhaps, it comes that the flora of Madeira, according to Oswald Heer, resembles the extinct tertiary flora of Europe. 1859 1861 1866

All fresh-water basins, taken together, make a small area compared with that of the sea or of the land; and, consequently, the competition between fresh-water productions will have been less severe than elsewhere; new forms will have been more slowly formed, and old forms more slowly exterminated. 1860

Hence, perhaps, it is that the flora of Madeira, according to Oswald Heer, resembles the extinct tertiary flora of Europe. 1869

→ All fresh-water basins, taken together, make a small area compared with that 1859 1861 1866 1869 1872

And it is in fresh water that we find seven genera of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some 1860

→ sea or of the land. Consequently, the competition between fresh-water productions will have been less severe than elsewhere; new forms will have been then more slowly produced, and old forms more slowly exterminated. 1872

sea or of the land; and, consequently, the competition between fresh-water productions will have been less severe than elsewhere; new forms will have been more slowly formed, and old forms more slowly exterminated. 1859 1861 1866 1869

most anomalous forms now known in the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders now widely separated in the natural scale. 1860

→ And it is in fresh-water basins that we find seven genera of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some of the most 1872

And it is in fresh water that we find seven genera of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some of the most 1859 1861 1866 1869

These 1860

→ now known in the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders at present widely sundered in the natural scale. 1872

now known in the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders now widely separated in the natural scale. 1859 1861 1866

may almost be called living fossils; they have endured to the present day, from having inhabited a confined area, and from having thus been exposed to less severe competition. 1860

now known in the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders at present widely separated in the natural scale. 1869

better chance of favourable

variations

variations,

arising from the large number of individuals of the same species there supported, but the conditions of life are

infinitely

much more

complex from the large number of already existing species; and if some of these many species become modified and improved, others will have to be improved in a corresponding

degree

degree,

or they will be exterminated. Each new form, also, as soon as it has been much improved, will be able to spread over the open and continuous area, and will thus come into competition with many

others.

other forms.

↑

More-over,

Moreover,

great areas, though now continuous, →OMIT will

often

often,

→owing to former oscillations of level, have existed in a broken

condition,

condition;

so that the good effects of isolation will generally, to a certain extent, have concurred. Finally, I conclude that, although small isolated areas

probably

....

have been in some respects highly favourable for the production of new species, yet that the course of modification will generally have been more rapid on large areas; and what is more important, that the new forms produced on large areas, which already have been victorious over many competitors, will be those that will spread most widely,

will

and will

give rise to →the greatest number of new varieties and

species,

species.

and

They

will thus play

the most

a more

important part in the changing history of the organic world.

→In accordance with this view, we can, perhaps, →OMIT understand some facts which will be again alluded to in our chapter on

geographical

Geographical

distribution;

Distribution;

for instance,

that

....

the

productions

fact

of the →productions of the smaller continent of Australia →OMIT now

yielding,

yielding

before those of the larger Europæo-Asiatic area. Thus, also, it is that continental productions have everywhere become so largely naturalised on →islands. →On a small island, the race for life will have been less severe, and there will have been less modification and less extermination. →Hence, we can understand how it is that the flora of Madeira, according to Oswald Heer, resembles to a certain extent the extinct tertiary flora of Europe. →All fresh-water basins, taken together, make a small area compared with that of the →sea or of the land. Consequently, the competition between fresh-water productions will have been less severe than elsewhere; new forms will have been then more slowly produced, and old forms more slowly exterminated. →And it is in fresh-water basins that we find seven genera of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some of the most anomalous forms →now known in the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders at present widely sundered in the natural scale. These anomalous forms may

almost

....

be called living fossils; they have endured to the present day, from having inhabited a