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do worse than be led by a great man who writes about it with simple truthfulness and as he says is content to remain an agnostic . In another way I think it may do as much good as harm that it should be known that a man who led an absolutely pure and honourable [38
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. Moreover, whether a man deserves to be called a Theist depends upon the definition of the term, which is much too large a subject for a note. In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind. ─ Dear Sir, yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN. I am, your obedient servant, FRANCIS DARWIN. Huntingdon
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F2565
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1897. [Letter to Karl Marx and recollection of Darwin by Aveling]. In E. B. Aveling, Charles Darwin and Karl Marx: a comparison. Twenteith Century Press.
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Atheist is only Agnostic writ aggressive, and Agnostic is only Atheist writ respectable. We found, upon further enquiry, that he was some forty years of age before he became an Agnostic. Asked why he gave up the Christian religion, he made the reply, Because I found no evidence for it. And this, coming from perhaps the greatest and most careful weigher of evidence ever known, has its significance
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CUL-DAR26.1-121
Draft:
[1876--1882.04.00]
'Recollections of the development of my mind and character' [autobiography] author's fair copy
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constant inculcation in a belief in God on the minds of children producing so strong perhaps an inherited effect on their brains not yet fully developed, that it would be as difficult for them to throw off their belief in God, as for a monkey to throw off its instinctive fear hatred of a snake.1 I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic. Addendum From my
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F1861
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1883. [Letter to Fordyce on being a theist or agnostic, 1879]. In J. Fordyce, Aspects of scepticism. London: Elliot Stock, p. 190.
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term, which is much too large a subject for a note. In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more so as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind. 'Dear sir, yours faithfully, 'CH. DARWIN
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A1203
Periodical contribution:
Anon. 1882. Darwin. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (New York), (24 April): 2.
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philosophy. He believed that in time the missing evidence would be produced, but he desired no man to be blind to the gaps actually existing. among the other misapprehensions existing concerning Darwin is that he was an atheist or materialist. He was, if anything, an Agnostic— one who did not pretend to knowledge of the origin of life or the future of it, but who could see in the sum of things that which no tongue can utter nor any human brain comprehend. [On the same page in another section:] An
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A234
Pamphlet:
Aveling, E. B. 1883. The religious views of Charles Darwin. London: Freethought Publishing Company.
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conception was arising in his mind. He had imagined until then that we were deniers of god, and he found the order of thought that was ours differing in no essential from his own. For with point after point of our argument he agreed; statement on statement that was made he endorsed, saying finally: I am with you in thought, but I should prefer the word Agnostic to the word Atheist. Upon this the suggestion was made that, after all, Agnostic was but Atheist writ respectable, and Atheist was only Agnostic
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A234
Pamphlet:
Aveling, E. B. 1883. The religious views of Charles Darwin. London: Freethought Publishing Company.
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conception was arising in his mind. He had imagined until then that we were deniers of god, and he found the order of thought that was ours differing in no essential from his own. For with point after point of our argument he agreed; statement on statement that was made he endorsed, saying finally: I am with you in thought, but I should prefer the word Agnostic to the word Atheist. Upon this the suggestion was made that, after all, Agnostic was but Atheist writ respectable, and Atheist was only Agnostic
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conception was arising in his mind. He had imagined until then that we were deniers of god, and he found the order of thought that was ours differing in no essential from his own. For with point after point of our argument he agreed; statement on statement that was made he endorsed, saying finally: I am with you in thought, but I should prefer the word Agnostic to the word Atheist. Upon this the suggestion was made that, after all, Agnostic was but Atheist writ respectable, and Atheist was only Agnostic
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F2531
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1883. [Letter to Doedes on Darwin's religious views, 1873]. Rutland Daily Herald [Rutland, Vermont] (23 February): 2.
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: For myself, I do not believe that there has ever been any revelation; and in a conversation with Dr. Ludwig Buchner, he said he was with him in thought, but preferred the word agnostic to atheist, and that he had given up Christianity because it is not supported by evidence. Karl Blind adds to this testimony another item, in the form of a letter written by Darwin in 1878 to a Dutch gentleman, N. D. Doedes, of which we give the following translation from the German, as given in the Presse: I
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by a great man who writes about it with simple truthfulness and as he says is content to remain an agnostic . In another way I think it may do as much good as harm that it should be known that a man who led an absolutely pure and honourable
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F1452.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
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the terms Agnostic and Atheist were practically equivalent that an atheist is one who, without denying the existence of God, is without God, inasmuch as he is unconvinced of the existence of a Deity. My father's replies implied his preference for the unaggressive attitude of an Agnostic. Dr. Aveling seems (p. 5) to regard the absence of aggressiveness in my father's views as distinguishing them in an unessential manner from his own. But, in my judgment, it is precisely differences of this kind
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F1452.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
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as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind. * As an exception may be mentioned, a few words of concurrence with Dr. Abbott's 'Truths for the Times,' which my father allowed to be published in the Index. Addressed to Mr. J. Fordyce, and published by him in his 'Aspects of Scepticism,' 1883. [page] 30
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F1452.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
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pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic. [The following letters repeat to some extent what has been given from the Autobiography. The first one refers to 'The Boundaries of Science, a Dialogue,' published in 'Macmillan's Magazine,' for July 1861.] C. Darwin to Miss Julia Wedgwood. July 11 [1861]. Some one has sent us 'Macmillan'; and I must tell you how much I
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F1452.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
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friend's rare dialectic skill and copiousness of apt illustration could not drive me from my agnostic position. I took my stand upon two grounds: firstly, that up to that time, the evidence in favour of transmutation was wholly insufficient; and, secondly, that no suggestion respecting the causes of the transmutation assumed, which had been made, was in any way adequate to explain the phenomena. Looking back at the state of knowledge at that time, I really do not see that any other conclusion was
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A551
Pamphlet:
Foote, G. W. 1889. Darwin on God. London: Progressive publishing company.
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Atheist was a denier of God, and this is borne out by the extract just given from his letter to Mr. Fordyce. His two guests explained to him that the Greek prefix a was privative not negative, and that an Atheist was simply a person without God. Darwin agreed with them on every point, and said finally, I am with you in thought, but I should prefer the word Agnostic to the word Atheist. They suggested that Agnostic was Atheist writ respectable, and Atheist was Agnostic writ 7 Vol. II., p. 312. 8 Vol
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A551
Pamphlet:
Foote, G. W. 1889. Darwin on God. London: Progressive publishing company.
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aggressive. At which he smiled, and asked, Why should you be so aggressive? Is anything gained by trying to force these new ideas upon the mass of mankind? It is all very well for educated, cultured, thoughtful people; but are the masses yet ripe for it? 1 Mr. Francis Darwin does not dispute this report. My father's replies implied his preference for the unaggressive attitude of an Agnostic. Dr. Aveling seems to regard the absence of aggressiveness in my father's views as distinguishing them
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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spite of my conviction that Dr. Aveling gives quite fairly his impressions of my father's views. Dr. Aveling tried to show that the terms Agnostic and Atheist were practically equivalent that an atheist is one who, without denying the existence of God, is without God, inasmuch as he is unconvinced of the existence of a Deity. My father's replies implied his preference for the unaggressive attitude of an Agnostic. Dr. Aveling seems (p. 5) to regard the absence of aggressiveness in my father's views
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A268
Book:
Holder, Charles Frederick. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life and work. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons.
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by giving publicity to views which might differ from theirs, while another was that he held a man's religious belief should not be paraded in public print. He has been called an infidel and atheist so often that there is a wide-spread belief to this effect, but nothing could be further from the truth. Darwin was a firm believer in a First Cause. He was in theory an agnostic, in practice an orthodox Christian of the broadest type. Honourable in the smallest things in life, thoughtful of others
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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ask, I may state that my judgment often fluctuates . . . In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind. He naturally shrank from wounding the sensibilities of others in religious matters, and he was also influenced by the consciousness that a man ought not to publish on a subject to
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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not drive me from my agnostic position. I took my stand upon two grounds: firstly, that up to that time, the evidence in favour of transmutation was wholly insufficient; and, secondly, that no suggestion respecting the causes of the transmutation assumed, which had been made, was in any way adequate to explain the phenomena. Looking back at the state of knowledge at that time, I really do not see that any other conclusion was justifiable. These two last citations refer of course to a period much
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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by the lowest animals, be trusted when it draws such grand conclusions? I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us, and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic. The following letters repeat to some extent what is given above from the Autobiography. The first one refers to The Boundaries of Science: a Dialogue, published in Macmillan's Magazine, for July 1861. C. D. to Miss Julia Wedgwood, July 11
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A334
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1896. Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. London: Cassell & Co.
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. In order to appreciate the influence of Darwin upon Huxley, we must find out the beliefs of the latter upon the species question before the appearance of the Origin. In his chapter On the Reception of the 'Origin of Species' ( Life and Letters, Vol. II.) Huxley says that, before 1858, he took up an agnostic position as regards evolution . . . upon two grounds: firstly, that up to that [page] 12
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A334
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1896. Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. London: Cassell & Co.
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better or defended it more vigorously and successfully, but Huxley's own researches never lay in directions which would have made them available as a test of the theory. Of natural selection he might have used the words of Mercutio it may not be so deep as a well, nor so wide as a church door, to contain the whole explanation of evolution, but 'tis enough 'twill serve ; it will, at any rate, prevent him from feeling the second ground on which he had maintained an agnostic position. I believe
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A571
Book:
Büchner, Ludwig. 1901. [Recollection of Darwin's religious views]. Last Words on Materialism and Kindred Subjects, translated by Joseph McCabe. London: Watts and Co., pp. 147-8.
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his own great example was an encouragement to every thinker to communicate to the world whatever he thought true. Darwin had, indeed, already formally recognised the theory of Agnosticism. In a letter to Fordyce, in 1879, he wrote: I am not really an Atheist. The name 'Agnostic' would be the best description of my mental condition
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A1287
Periodical contribution:
Anon. 1903. [Darwin's religiously tolerant agnosticism]. Sunderland Daily Echo (29 June): 2.
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [page] 2 Here is an illustrative point – a piece of news to many who imagine that they know every detail about Charles Darwin. This great scientist was and is reviled by many zealots as an ultra-Agnostic. Yet it is a fact that he not only so ordered his household on Sundays that his servants and others who wished to attend church might conveniently do so, but cheerfully incurred personal expense that his servants might go to worship comfortably, and
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A237.1
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 1.
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agnostic. The next four years of my life were also of great importance both in determining the direction of my activity, and in laying the foundation for my study of the special subjects through which I have obtained most admiration or notoriety. This period will be dealt with in another chapter, as it proved to be that which, through a series of what may be termed happy accidents, laid the foundation for everything of importance that succeeded them. [page] 22
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A237.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 2.
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discussions while taking our lunch. At that time I was not a convinced socialist, and in that respect Lester Ward was in advance of me, though he could not quite convince me. He was also an absolute agnostic or monist, and around this question our discussions most frequently turned. But as I had a basis of spiritualistic experiences of which he was totally ignorant, we looked at the subject from different points of view; and I was limited to urging the inherent and absolute differences of
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A237.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 2.
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from their works to illustrate their style. Among these he included Grant Allen, better known as a delightful writer on nature-study and a novelist, but who was also gifted with the true poetic power; and, the lecturer thought, had he devoted himself to developing his power he might have become a major instead of a minor poet. As an example of his work, a very agnostic and even atheistic poem was quoted. I cannot find this, as I remember it, in his little volume of verse, The Lower Slopes; but
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A237.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 2.
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lecturer stated that, however extreme and even outrageous these views would appear to many of his audience, he could assure them from personal knowledge, that they represented the opinions of almost all of the poets of whom he had spoken. After the lecture Dr. Lunn protested against the idea that poets were generally agnostic or even irreligious, referring to Milton, Browning, Tennyson, and many others; but Mr. Le Gallienne had said nothing about these the major poets and he assured me afterwards
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A237.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Chapman and Hall. vol. 2.
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three men who, quite unintentionally, led me into trouble. Soon after I came home I made the acquaintance of Mr. R., who held a good appointment under Government, and had, besides, the expectation of a moderate fortune on the death of an uncle. I soon became intimate with him, and we were for some years joint investigators of spiritualistic phenomena. He was, like myself at that time, an agnostic, well educated, and of a more positive character than myself. He had for some years saved part of
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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natural selection; the suffering so manifest in nature is seen to be compatible rather with Natural Selection than with the goodness and omnipotence of God. Darwin felt to the full all the ignorance that lay hidden under specious phrases like the plan of creation and Unity of design. Finally, he tells us the mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic. The word Agnostic is significant not only of the humility of the man himself
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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core of all religion is faith in the persistence of value in the world, and if the highest values express themselves in the cry Excelsior! then the capital point is, that this cry should always be heard and followed. We have here a corollary of the theory of evolution in its application to human life. Darwin declared himself an agnostic, not only because he could not harmonise the large amount of suffering in the world with the idea of a God as its first cause, but also because he was aware
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A34
Book:
Judd, J. W. 1910. The coming of evolution: The story of a great revolution in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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'agnostic' one. 'Bring me evidence,' he would have said, 'that changes have taken place on the globe, which cannot be accounted for by agencies still at work when operating through sufficiently long periods of time, and I will abandon my position.' But such evidence was not forthcoming in his day, and I do not think has ever been discovered since. Professor Sollas has very justly said, 'Geology has no need to return to the [page] 15
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A596
Book contribution:
[Poulton, Edward Bagnall]. 1910. Darwin, C. R. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11th ed. Cambridge: University Press, vol. 7, pp. 840-3.
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during the two years and a quarter which intervened between his return from the Beagle (October 2nd, 1836) and his marriage (January 29th, 1839). His own words are, disbelief crept over me at a very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no distress. His attitude was that of the tolerant unaggressive agnostic, sympathizing with and helping in the social and charitable influences of the English Church in his parish. He was evidently most unwilling that his opinions on
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F1592.2
Book:
Marchant, James ed. 1916. Alfred Russel Wallace letters and reminiscences. London: Cassell. Volume 2.
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books have been translated into Japanese: will you ascertain whether the Bodleian would like to have them? TO PROF. POULTON1 Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. June 3, 1913. My dear Poulton, I am very glad you have changed your view about the Sleeper lectures being a fake. The writer was too earnest, and too clear a thinker, to descend to any such trick. And for what? Agnostic is not in Shakespeare, but it may well have been used by someone before Huxley. The parts of your Address of which you send
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F1592.2
Book:
Marchant, James ed. 1916. Alfred Russel Wallace letters and reminiscences. London: Cassell. Volume 2.
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DATE PERIODICAL OR SOCIETY SUBJECT 1894 Vox Clamantium Economic and Social Justice * Feb. and March 1895 Fortnightly Rev. Method of Organic Evolution * Oct. 1895 Fortnightly Rev. Expressiveness of Speech or Month-Gesture as a Factor in the Origin of Language * 1895 Agnostic Annual Why Live a Moral Life? * May 1896 Contemp. Rev. How Best to Model the Earth * July 25 1896 Labour Leader Letter on International Labour Congress Aug. 1896 Fortnightly Rev. The Gorge of the Aar and its Teaching * Dec
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A260
Book:
Fenton, Carroll Lane. [1924]. Darwin and the theory of evolution. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius.
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tant agnostic, read a paper on the Intellectual development of Europe considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin. The paper itself appears not to have possessed any great importance, but several of the statements which Dr. Draper made and the conclusions which he drew made the religious faction in the Association furious. The Bishop of Oxford announced that he would speak upon the theory of descent, and the fight was on. The excitement was tremendous.* The Lecture Room, in which it
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A260
Book:
Fenton, Carroll Lane. [1924]. Darwin and the theory of evolution. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius.
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er. But then arises the doubt, can the mind of man, which has, as I fully believe, been developed from a mind as low as that possessed by the lowest animal, be trusted when it draws such grand conclusions? I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic. Such is Darwin's position with relation to the problem of the existence or non-existence of a god. He
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A179
Book:
Ward, Henshaw. 1927. Charles Darwin: The man and his warfare. London: John Murray.
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he was a complete agnostic about evolution theories before the appearance of the Origin. If creationists asked him to approve one of their theories, he answered, Show me some particle of evidence. I had exactly the same answer to give to the evolutionists of 1851-8. Within the ranks of the biologists, at that time, I met with nobody, except Dr. Grant, of University College, who had a word to say for Evolution and his advocacy was not calculated to advance the cause. Outside these ranks, the only
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A179
Book:
Ward, Henshaw. 1927. Charles Darwin: The man and his warfare. London: John Murray.
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skill and copiousness of apt illustration could not drive me from my agnostic position . I had studied Lamarck attentively and I had read the Vestiges with due care; but neither of them afforded me any good ground for changing my negative and critical attitude . The suggestion that new species may result from the selective action of external conditions upon the variations is as wholly unknown to the historian of scientific ideas as it was to biological specialists before 1858. But that
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F2550
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1932. [Brief extracts from 3 letters not previously published in 1932]. Darwin letters show personal side of author. The Times Dispatch [Richmond, Virginia] (20 November): 6.
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is simple. Without its black border it might be an invitation to a formal tea, but the wording is significant. It shows the final and official capitulation of England to the genius Charles Darwin, author of Origin of Species, and many other works, the kindly agnostic who became a leader in scientific theory, and who braved the criticisms of the church and state. Here was his great triumph, and history lurks on the formal English card. It reads like this, the misspelling in the fourth line being
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F1497
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1958. The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow. London: Collins.
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I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic. A man who has no assured and ever present belief in the existence of a personal God or of a future existence with retribution and reward, can have for his rule of life, as far as I can see, only to follow those impulses and instincts which are the strongest or which seem to him the best ones. A dog acts in this
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A668
Book:
Atkins, Hedley. 1976. Down: the home of the Darwins; the story of a house and the people who lived there. London: Royal College of Surgeons [Phillimore].
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generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind. 4 With the publication of The Origin of Species controversy exploded. The authority of the historical account of the creation of the world as related in the first chapter of Genesis had been attacked. Today it is difficult to realise the shock and horror which greeted the publication of this great work; a work which stated with infinite care and considerable reserve
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orthodox'. 'But I had gradually come by this time, i.e. 1836 1839, to see that the Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the Hindoos'. 1879 CD to Fordyce, 'In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind' Aspects of scepticism, 1883. 1881 CD discussed his views
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A338
Book:
Glick, Thomas F. 1982. Darwin en España. Barcelona: Col. Libros de Bolsillo 574, Ediciones Peninsula.
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31. Savage, W. J.: Die Religión im Lichte der Dar-winschen Lehre, Leipzig, 1885. 32. Simmoms, Albert: Agnostic First Principies, Londres, Watts, sin fecha. 33. Simón, Jules: La religión naturelle, París, Ha-chette, 1860, 462- 560. 34. Vivían, Philip: The Churches and Modern Thought, Londres, Watts, 1906. 35. White, Andrew D.: Histoire de la lutte entre la science et la théologie, París, 1899. 4 97 [page break
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A27b
Book:
Freeman, R. B. 2007. Charles Darwin: A companion. 2d online edition, compiled by Sue Asscher.
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most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind —Aspects of scepticism, 1883. 1881 CD discussed his views with Aveling who published what he thought CD meant in The religious views of Charles Darwin, Freethought Publishing Company, 1883: Francis D felt that Aveling had misunderstood. For CD's
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A669
Periodical contribution:
Wyhe, John van. 2009. Darwin vs. God. BBC History Magazine 10, No. 1 (January): 26-31.
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converted to Christianity on his deathbed (he was an agnostic) and/or recanted his evolutionary theory on his death bed. Both are quite untrue and his family wrote many letters to the editor etc. denying the claims when they first began to circulate around 1915. Many scientists of Darwin's day believed in God (imagined in France, c1230) and evolution Darwin, pictured in 1855, has been the subject of numerous false rumours Books Darwin: The Story Of the Man and His Theories of Evolution by John
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A1283
Periodical contribution:
Wyhe, John van. 2011. Was Charles Darwin an Atheist? The public domain review (28 July).
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that time that it has very gradually with many fluctuations become weaker. At other times he used the term 'agnostic' - a word coined and made fashionable by the naturalist Thomas Henry Huxley. In an 1879 letter, written around the same time as the autobiography and first published in Life and Letters (1887), he writes: In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not
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