Introduction to the Danish translation of Darwin's Origin of species (1872)
By Stine Grumsen
Om Arternes Oprindelse was published in 1872 and reprinted in a new edition in 1909 (the Darwin centenary and 50th anniversary of the Origin). An abridged edition appeared in 1913. The 1909 edition was reprinted in 1967, 1981 and 1999. The Origin of Species was translated by Jens Peter Jacobsen (1847-1885) from the fifth edition of 1869. Jacobsen was a skilled botanist and an author of fiction. In 1872 he was at the beginning of his literary career and still rather unknown to the general public. Later he became famous as one of the pioneers of the literary period 'the modern breakthrough'. His translation of On the Origin of Species was first published as booklets entitled Naturlivets Grundlove [The Laws of Nature] offered at subscription rates. The first booklet appeared in 1871. In a review of the translation the title was criticised for being too far from the title of Darwin's original book. Consequently the title was changed into a more literal translation of the original title when the booklets were collected in a single volume and published as Om Arternes Oprindelse in 1872.
The title Naturlivets Grundlove was not the only thing that differed from the original version of the book. The five illustrations of different breeds of doves in the first chapter of Om Arternes Oprindelse (pp. 28-32), did not originally appear in On the Origin of Species - they were added from another work by Darwin: Variation of animals and plants under domestication (1868). In 1868 the Danish libraries Det Kongelige Bibliotek [the Royal Library], Universitetsbiblioteket [the University Library] and Landbohøjskolens Biblitotek [the library of the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College] each had a copy of Variation of animals and plants under domestication. From 1859-1870 the three libraries bought seven copies of On the origin of species in total (three English and four German). When Om Arternes Oprindelse was published the price was 8 DKK (about a week's salary for an unskilled labourer). Many couldn't afford to buy the book and hence there was a great demand for the libraries' copies. The second edition from 1909 was priced at 6 DKK and the third abridged edition from 1913 was priced at 2 DKK.
When Om Arternes Oprindelse was published, Darwin and his theories were already well known in Denmark. Darwinism had been the subject of several lectures, books and articles in journals, newspapers and popular magazines throughout the 1860s. One of the early advocates for Darwinism was the journalist Rudolf Varberg (1828-1869) who wrote several popular books and articles on the subject and used Darwinism as a vehicle to criticise contemporary Danish zoology, more specifically the professor of zoology Japetus Steenstrup.
In 1870 Vilhelm Møller (1846-1904), a man of letters, founded the journal Nyt dansk Maanedsskrift [New Danish monthly] and encouraged Jens Peter Jacobsen to write a series of articles about Darwinism. These were published in Nyt dansk Maanedsskrift in 1871-72. Jacobsen wrote the articles while translating On the origin of species. In 1893 Møller collected Jacobsen's articles and a biography written by himself in a book entitled Darwin hans liv og hans lære [Darwin: his Life and Work]. According to Møller his reason for republishing the articles in a book was a large number of requests, because of a public interest in Jacobsen (who, after his death, had become a famous author) and because they provided an 'entertaining presentation' of Darwinism. The articles were widely read.
Jacobsen and Møller were both part of a radical group rallied around the literary critic Georg Brandes (1842-1927). Nyt dansk Maanedskrift served as their mouthpiece. The group was advocating 'freedom of thought', i.e. that religious dogmatism and outdated traditions should be replaced by science and reason. They saw a conflict between science and religion in which science had come out victorious, Copernicus taking the first step towards the end of religious dogmatism and Darwin the second. According to Jacobsen and Brandes, Darwinism was a theory capable of explaining everything about life through science and thereby making religion superfluous to explain supposed miracles. Even human nature and ethics were described in Darwinian terms.
Consequently, a lot of the debates following the publication of Jacobsen's translation of Origin of Species focused on Jacobsen and Brandes's interpretation of Darwinism as atheism, rather than on the content of Om Arternes Oprindelse. The content had already been discussed and presented to the public in the 1860s.
See the general introduction to Darwin in Denmark.
Darwin, C. R. 1872. Om Arternes Oprindelse ved Kvalitetsvalg eller ved de heldigst stillede Formers Sejr i Kampen for Tilværelsen. Translated by J. P. Jacobsen. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. Text Image Text & image PDF F643
Detailed reference:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. Om Arternes Oprindelse ved Kvalitetsvalg eller ved de heldigst stillede Formers Sejr i Kampen for Tilværelsen. [On the origin of species by means of quality selection or the victory of those forms fortunately positioned in the struggle for existence] Translated by Jens Peter Jacobsen. Copenhagen: Den Gyldendalske Boghandel (F. Hegel.). xiii + 605 pp. 20.6 x 13.8 x 3.9cm. Printing: Thieles Bogtrykkeri
Translation of : Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th edition. Tenth thousand. Text Image Text & image F387
Holdings of: Frantz J. Dahl, Department for Philosophy and the History of Ideas, University of Aarhus
Illustrations:
p. 28: 'Engelsk Brevdue' borrowed from Variation of animals and plants under domestication, 1868, p.140: 'English Carrier'
p. 29: 'Kortnæbet Tumler' borrowed from Variation of animals and plants under domestication, 1868, p. 152: 'Short-faced English Tumbler'
p. 30: 'Kropdue' borrowed from Variation of animals and plants under domestication, 1868, p. 137: 'English Pouter'
p. 31: 'Hugstjert' borrowed from Variation of animals and plants under domestication, 1868, p. 147: 'English fantail'
p. 32: 'Klippedue (Columba livia)' borrowed from Variation of animals and plants under domestication, 1868, p. 135 'The Rock-pigeon or Columba livia'
Insert between p. 144 and p. 145: diagram of descent from English edition.
Contents:
(4 blank folios)
3 title pages
(1 blank folio)
5 pages of table of contents
(1 blank folio)
Historical view pp. I-XIII
(1 blank folio)
Introduction pp. 1-6
Chapter 1: Husdyr og dyrkede Planters Varieren. pp. 7-50
Chapter 2: Dyrs og Planters Varieren i vild Tilstand. pp. 51-73
Chapter 3: Kampen for Tilværelsen. pp. 74-95
Chapter 4: Kvalitetsvalget; eller den Stærkeste lever. pp. 96-173 (includes an insert between p. 144 and p. 145: 1 blank folio, 2 pages of diagram and 1 blank folio)
Chapter 5: Varieringslove. pp. 174-215
Chapter 6: Vanskeligheder for Theorien. pp. 216-263
Chapter 7: Instinkt. pp. 264-307
Chapter 8: Hybriditet. pp. 308-354
Chapter 9: Om den geologiske Videns Utilstrækkelighed. pp. 355-395
Chapter 10: Om de organiske Væsners Rækkefølge i de geologiske Lag. pp. 396-433
Chapter 11: Geografisk Udbredelse. pp. 434-473
Chapter 12: Geografisk Udbredelse. – Fortsat. pp. 474-502
Chapter 13: De organiske Væsners indbyrdes Slægtskab: Morfologi, Embryologi, rudimentære Organer. pp. 503-558
Chapter 14: Rekapitulation og Slutning. pp. 559-594
Index pp. 595-605
Corrections p. 606
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