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1859
1860
1861
1866
1869
1872

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1860
1861
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1869
1872

1 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1861 1866; present in 1869 1872
Rudimentary organs declare their origin and plain meaning in various ways.

The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: for instance 1859 1860 1861
The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: for instance, 1866
OMIT 1869 1872

of 1859 1860 1861 1866
belonging to closely allied species, or even to 1869 1872

genus (and even of the same species) resembling each other most closely in all respects, one of which will have full-sized wings, and another mere 1859 1860 1861 1866
identical species, which have either full-sized and perfect wings, or mere minute 1869
identical species, which have either full-sized and perfect wings, or mere 1872

and here 1859 1860 1861 1866
not rarely lying under wing-covers firmly soldered together; and in this case 1869
which not rarely lie under wing-covers firmly soldered together; and in these cases 1872

and are merely not developed: this seems to be the case 1859 1860 1861 1866
this occasionally occurs 1869 1872

for many instances are on record of these organs having 1859 1860 1861 1866
for they have been known to 1869
which have been known to 1872

in full-grown males, and having 1859 1860 1861 1866
and to 1869 1872

there are normally four developed and two rudimentary teats 1859 1860 1861 1866
OMIT 1869 1872

but in our domestic cows the two sometimes become 1859 1860 1861 1866
there are normally four 1869 1872

give 1859 1860 1861 1866
two rudimentary teats; but the latter in our domestic cows sometimes become well developed and yield 1869 1872

individual plants of the same species 1859
plants of the same species 1860 1861 1866
regard to plants 1869 1872

sometimes occur as mere 1859 1860 1861 1866
are sometimes 1869 1872

in a well-developed state. 1859 1860 1861 1866
well-developed in individuals of the same species. 1869
well-developed in the individuals of the same species. 1872

plants with separated sexes, 1859 1860 1861
some plants with their sexes separated, 1866
certain diœcious plants Kölreuter found that by crossing a species, in which 1869
certain plants having separated sexes 1872

the male flowers often have a rudiment of a pistil; and Kölreuter found that by crossing such male plants with an hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil 1859 1860 1861
the male flowers include a rudiment of a pistil; and Kölreuter found that by crossing a species of this kind with another hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil 1866
the male flowers included a rudiment of a pistil, with an hermaphrodite species, having of course a well-developed pistil, the rudiment 1869
Kölreuter found that by crossing a species, in which the male flowers included a rudiment of a pistil, 1872

in 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
with an hermaphrodite species, having of course a well-developed pistil, the rudiment in 1872

shows that 1859 1860 1861
clearly shows how essen- tially alike in nature 1866
clearly shows that 1869 1872

in the beaks of certain embryonic birds. Nothing can be plainer than that wings are formed for flight, yet in how many insects do we see wings so reduced in size as to be utterly incapable of flight, and not rarely lying under wing-cases, firmly soldered together!
The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: for instance
There
there
are beetles of the same genus (and even of the same species) resembling each other most closely in all respects, one of which will have full-sized wings, and another mere rudiments of
membrane,
membrane;
and here it is impossible to doubt, that the rudiments represent wings. Rudimentary organs sometimes retain their
potentiality:
potentiality,
and are merely not developed: this seems to be the case with the mammæ of male mammals, for many instances are on record of these organs having become well
developed,
developed
in full-grown males, and having
secrete
secreted
milk. So again there are normally four developed and two rudimentary teats in the udders
in
of
the genus
Bos;
Bos,
but in our domestic cows the two sometimes become developed and give milk. In individual plants of the same species the petals sometimes occur as mere
rudimental,
rudimentary,
rudiments,
and sometimes in a well-developed state. In plants with separated sexes, the male flowers often have a rudiment of a pistil; and Kölreuter found that by crossing such male plants with an hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil in the hybrid offspring was much increased in size; and this shows that the
rudimentary
rudiment
and
the
the
perfect
pistils
pistil
are.
are
essentially
essentially
alike
alike
in
in
nature.
nature.
An
organ,
organ
serving for two purposes, may become rudimentary or utterly aborted for one, even the more important
purpose,
purpose;
and remain perfectly efficient for the other. Thus in plants, the office of the pistil is to allow the pollen-tubes to reach the ovules
within
protected in
the
ovarium.
ovarium
at
at
its
its
base.
base.
The pistil consists of a stigma