Origin of Species Variorum

Comparison with 1869

former functions. An organ, originally formed by the aid of natural selection, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations can no longer be checked by natural selection. ↑ At whatever period of life either disuse or selection reduces an organ, and this will generally be when the being has come to maturity and has to exert its full powers of action, the principle of inheritance at corresponding ages will reproduce the organ in its reduced state at the same mature age, but will seldom affect .. it in the embryo. Thus we can understand the greater size of rudimentary organs in the embryo relatively to its other parts, and their lesser relative size in the adult. ↑ But if each step of the process of reduction were to be inherited, not at a corresponding age, but at a very early period of life, the rudimentary part would tend to be ... wholly lost, and we should have a case of complete abortion. The principle, also, of the economy of organisation, explained in a former chapter, by which the materials forming any part, .. if not useful to the possessor, will be saved as far as is possible, may often have come into play, and aided in the entire obliteration of a rudimentary organ. ↑

As the presence of rudimentary organs is thus due to the tendency in every part of the organisation, which has long existed, to be inherited— we can understand, on the genealogical view of classification, how it is that systematists have found rudimentary parts as useful as, or even sometimes more useful than, parts of high physiological importance. Rudimentary organs may be compared with the letters in a word, still retained in the spelling, but become useless in the pronunciation, but which serve as a clue .. for its derivation. On the view of descent with, modification, we may conclude that the existence of organs in a rudimentary, imperfect, and useless condition, or quite aborted, far

former functions. An organ, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations cannot be checked by natural selection. ↑ At whatever period of life disuse or selection reduces an organ, and this will generally be when the being has come to maturity and to its full powers of action, the principle of inheritance at corresponding ages will reproduce the organ in its reduced state at the same age, and consequently will seldom affect or reduce it in the embryo. Thus we can understand the greater relative size of rudimentary organs in the embryo, and their lesser relative size in the adult. But if each step of the process of reduction were to be inherited, not at the corresponding age, but at an extremely early period of life (as we have good reason to believe to be possible) the rudimentary part would tend to be wholly lost, and we should have a case of complete abortion. The principle, also, of economy, explained in a former chapter, by which the materials forming any part or structure, if not useful to the possessor, will be saved as far as is possible, will probably often come into play; and this will tend to cause the entire obliteration of a rudimentary organ.

As the presence of rudimentary organs is thus due to the tendency in every part of the organisation, which has long existed, to be inherited— we can understand, on the genealogical view of classification, how it is that systematists have found rudimentary parts as useful as, or even sometimes more useful than, parts of high physiological importance. Rudimentary organs may be compared with the letters in a word, still retained in the spelling, but become useless in the pronunciation, but which serve as a clue in seeking for its derivation. On the view of descent with modification, we may conclude that the existence of organs in a rudimentary, imperfect, and useless condition, or quite aborted, far