Origin of Species Variorum

Comparison with 1861

Geology, and have been surprised to note how author after author, in treating of this or that great formation, has come to the conclusion that it was accumulated during subsidence. I may add, that the only ancient tertiary formation on the west coast of South America, which has been bulky enough to resist such degradation as it has as yet suffered, but which will hardly last to a distant geological age, was certainly deposited during a downward oscillation of level, and thus gained considerable thickness.

All geological facts tell us plainly that each area has undergone numerous slow oscillations of level, and apparently these oscillations have affected wide spaces. Consequently formations rich in fossils and sufficiently thick and extensive to resist subsequent degradation, may have been formed over wide spaces during periods of subsidence, but only where the supply of sediment was sufficient to keep the sea shallow and to embed and preserve the remains before they had time to decay. On the other hand, as long as the bed of the sea remained stationary, thick deposits could not have been accumulated in the shallow parts, which are the most favourable to life. Still less could this have happened during the alternate periods of elevation; or, to speak more accurately, the beds which were then accumulated will generally have been destroyed by being upraised and brought within the limits of the coast-action. ↑ ↑

These remarks apply chiefly to littoral and sub-littoral deposits. In the case of an extensive and shallow sea, such as that within a large part of the Malay Archipelago, where the depth varies from 30 or 40 to 60 fathoms, a widely extended formation might be formed during a period of elevation and yet not suffer excessively from denudation during its slow upheaval; but the thickness of the formation could not be great, for owing to the elevatory movement it would be less than the depth, supposed to be shallow; the deposit would not generally be much consolidated, nor would it be capped by overlying formations, so that it would run a good chance of being worn away during subsequent oscillations of level. It has been suggested by Mr. Hopkins, that if one part of the area, after rising and before being denuded, subsided, the deposit formed during the rising movement, though not thick, might become protected by fresh accumulations, and thus be preserved for an extremely long period,— a consideration which I formerly overlooked.

Mr. Hopkins, in commenting on this subject, states that he believes the entire destruction of any sedimentary bed of considerable horizontal extent to have been of rare occurrence. ↑ My remarks apply solely to beds rich in fossils: I have admitted that sediment accumulated in extremely thick, solid, or extensive masses would escape denudation. The point in question is, whether widely extended formations, rich in fossils, and of sufficient thickness to last for a long period, would be formed except during periods of subsidence? My impression is that this has rarely been the case. As the subject of complete denudation has been broached by Mr. Hopkins, I may remark that all geologists, excepting the few who believe that they see in the metamorphic schists and plutonic rocks the heated primordial nucleus of the globe, will probably admit that rocks of this nature must have been largely denuded. For it is scarcely possible that these rocks should have been solidified and crystallized in a naked condition; but if the metamorphic action occurred at profound depths of the ocean, the former mantle may not have been thick. Admitting then that such rocks as gneiss, mica-schist, granite, diorite, &c, were once necessarily covered up, how can we account for the extensive and naked areas of such rocks in many parts of the world, except on the belief that they have subsequently been completely denuded of all overlying strata? That such extensive areas do exist cannot be doubted: the granitic region of Parime is described by Humboldt as being at least nineteen times as large as Switzerland. South of the Amazon Boué colours an area composed of such rocks as equal to that of Spain, France, Italy, part of Germany, and the British Islands, all conjoined. This region has not been carefully explored, but from the concurrent testimony of travellers, the granitic area must be very large: thus, Von Eschwege gives a detailed section of these rocks, stretching from Rio de Janeiro for 260 geographical miles inland in a straight line; and I travelled for 150 miles in another direction and saw nothing but granitic rocks. Numerous specimens, collected along the whole coast from near Rio Janeiro to the mouth of the Plata, a distance of 1100 geographical miles, were shown me, and they all belonged to this class. Inland, along the whole northern bank of the Plata I saw, besides modern tertiary beds, only one small patch of slightly metamorphosed rock, which alone could have formed a part of the original capping of the granitic series. Turning to a well-known region, namely, to the United States and Canada, as shown in Professor H. D. Rogers's beautiful map, I have estimated the areas by cutting out and weighing the paper, and I find that the metamorphic (excluding "the semi-metamorphic") and granitic rocks exceed, in the proportion of 19 to 12.5, not only the true coal measures, well known to be here developed in extraordinary force, but likewise the Umbral series, which together compose the whole newer Palæozoic formation. In many regions the metamorphic and granitic areas would be greatly increased in size, if we could remove all the sedimentary beds which rest unconformably on them, and which at the line of junction have not been metamorphosed, showing that they could not have formed part of the original mantle under which the granitic rocks were crystallized. Hence it is probable that in some parts of the world whole formations, marking at least sub-stages in the several successive geological epochs, have been completely denuded, with not a wreck left behind.

One remark is here worth a passing notice. During periods of elevation the area of the land and of the

All geological facts tell us plainly that each area has undergone numerous slow oscillations of level, and apparently these oscillations have affected wide spaces. Consequently formations rich in fossils and sufficiently thick and extensive to resist subsequent degradation, may have been formed over wide spaces during periods of subsidence, but only where the supply of sediment was sufficient to keep the sea shallow and to embed and preserve the remains before they had time to decay. On the other hand, as long as the bed of the sea remained stationary, thick deposits could not have been accumulated in the shallow parts, which are the most favourable to life. Still less could this have happened during the alternate periods of elevation; or, to speak more accurately, the beds which were then accumulated will have been destroyed by being upraised and brought within the limits of the coast-action.

Thus the geological record will almost necessarily be rendered intermittent. I feel much confidence in the truth of these views, for they are in strict accordance with the general principles inculcated by Sir C. Lyell; and E. Forbes subsequently but independently arrived at a similar conclusion. ↑ ↑ ↑

One remark is here worth a passing notice. During periods of elevation the area of the land and of the