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See page in:
1859
1860
1861
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1872

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1859
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Comparison with 1869
in the many descendants from some one ancient progenitor, not having appeared at an early period of life, and having been inherited at a corresponding .. period. Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we .. look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the progenitor, either in its adult or larval state, of all the members of the same great class. .. ..
Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs .
Organs or parts in this strange condition, bearing the plain stamp of inutility, are extremely common, or even general, throughout nature. It would be difficult to name one of the higher animals in which some part is not in a rudimentary condition. ↑ In the mammalia, for instance, the males always possess rudimentary mammæ; in snakes one lobe of the lungs is rudimentary; in birds the "bastard-wing" may safely be considered as a rudimentary digit, and in not a few species the wings cannot be used for flight or are reduced to a rudiment. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. What can be more curious than the presence of teeth in fœtal whales, which when grown up have not a tooth in their heads; or the .. teeth, which never cut through the gums, in the upper jaws of .. unborn calves? ↑
Rudimentary organs declare their origin and plain meaning in various ways. ... There are beetles belonging to closely allied species, or even to the same identical species, which have either full-sized and perfect wings, or mere minute rudiments of membrane, not rarely lying under wing-covers firmly soldered together; and in this case it is impossible to doubt, that the
in the many descendants from some one ancient progenitor, at a very early period in the life of each, though perhaps caused at the earliest, and being inherited at a corresponding not early period. Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we thus look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class of animals.
Rudimentary , atrophied , or aborted Organs — .
Organs or parts in this strange condition, bearing the stamp of inutility, are extremely common throughout nature. ↑ For instance, rudimentary mammæ are very general in the males of mammals: I presume that the "bastard-wing" in birds may be safely considered as a digit in a rudimentary state: in very many snakes one lobe of the lungs is rudimentary; in other snakes there are rudiments of the pelvis and hind limbs. Some of the cases of rudimentary organs are extremely curious; for instance, the presence of teeth in fœtal whales, which when grown up have not a tooth in their heads; and the presence of teeth, which never cut through the gums, in the upper jaws of our unborn calves. It has even been stated on good authority that rudiments of teeth can be detected in the beaks of certain embryonic birds. Nothing can be plainer than that wings are formed for flight, yet in how many insects do we see wings so reduced in size as to be utterly incapable of flight, and not rarely lying under wing-cases, firmly soldered together!
The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: for instance there are beetles of the same genus (and even of the same species) resembling each other most closely in all respects, one of which will have full-sized wings, and another mere rudiments of membrane; and here it is impossible to doubt, that the