Comparison with 1866 |
|
the summer extremely few.
↑1 blocks not present in 1860 1861 1866 1869; present in 1859 1872 | The
masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves.
|
Both in Switzerland and England the slaves seem to have the exclusive care of the larvæ, and the masters alone go on slave-making expeditions. In Switzerland the slaves and masters work together, making and bringing materials for the
nest; nest; 1866 1869 1872 | nest: 1859 1860 1861 |
both, but chiefly the slaves, tend, and milk
as it may be called, their aphides; and thus both collect food for the community. In England the masters alone usually leave the nest to collect building materials and food for themselves, their slaves and larvæ. So that the masters in this country receive much less service from their slaves than they do in Switzerland. |
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By what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave-makers,
will, as I have seen, carry off pupæ
of other species, if scattered near their nests, it is possible that pupæ
originally stored as food might become developed; and the ants
thus unintentionally reared would then follow their proper instincts, and do what work they could. If their presence proved useful to the species which had seized them— if it were more advan- tageous
to this species to capture workers than to procreate them— the habit of collecting pupæ
originally for food
might by natural selection be strengthened and rendered permanent for the very different purpose of raising slaves. When the instinct was once acquired, if carried out to a much less extent even than in our British F. sanguinea, which, as we have seen, is less aided by its slaves than the same species in Switzerland, I can see no difficulty in
natural selection increasing and modifying
the instinct— always supposing each modification to be of use to the species— until an ant was formed as abjectly dependent on its slaves
|
the summer extremely
few: the masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves. few: the masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves. 1860 1861 1866 1869 |
few. 1859 |
few: 1872 |
↑1 blocks not present in 1860 1861 1866 1869; present in 1859 1872 | The
masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves.
|
Both in Switzerland and England the slaves seem to have the exclusive care of the larvæ, and the masters alone go on slave-making expeditions. In Switzerland the slaves and masters work together, making and bringing materials for the
nest: nest: 1859 1860 1861 | nest; 1866 1869 1872 |
both, but chiefly the slaves, tend, and
milk milk 1859 1860 1861 1866 | milk, 1869 1872 |
as it may be called, their aphides; and thus both collect food for the community. In England the masters alone usually leave the nest to collect building materials and food for themselves, their slaves and larvæ. So that the masters in this country receive much less service from their slaves than they do in Switzerland. |
|
By what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not
slave-makers, slave-makers, 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869 | slave-makers 1872 |
will, as I have seen, carry off
pupæ pupæ 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869 | the pupæ 1872 |
of other species, if scattered near their nests, it is possible that
such pupæ such pupæ 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872 | pupæ 1859 |
originally stored as food might become developed; and the
foreign ants foreign ants 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872 | ants 1859 |
thus unintentionally reared would then follow their proper instincts, and do what work they could. If their presence proved useful to the species which had seized them— if it were more
advantageous advantageous 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872 | advan- tageous 1859 |
to this species to capture workers than to procreate them— the habit of collecting
pupæ pupæ 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869 | pupæ, 1872 |
originally for
food food 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869 | food, 1872 |
might by natural selection be strengthened and rendered permanent for the very different purpose of raising slaves. When the instinct was once acquired, if carried out to a much less extent even than in our British F. sanguinea, which, as we have seen, is less aided by its slaves than the same species in Switzerland,
...OMIT 1861 1866 1869 1872 |
I can see no difficulty in 1859 1860 |
natural selection
might increase and modify might increase and modify 1861 1866 1869 1872 |
increasing and modifying 1859 1860 |
the instinct— always supposing each modification to be of use to the species— until an ant was formed as abjectly dependent on its slaves
|