Origin of Species Variorum

Comparison with 1869

and it cannot on our theory be supposed, that these old species were the progenitors of all the species belonging to the same groups which have subsequently appeared, for they are not .. in any degree intermediate in character. ↑

Consequently, if the theory be true, it is indisputable that, before the lowest Silurian or Cambrian stratum was deposited long periods elapsed, as long as, or probably far longer than, the whole interval from the Cambrian age to the present day; and that during these vast periods the world swarmed with living creatures. Here we encounter a formidable objection; for it seems doubtful whether the earth in a fit state for the habitation of living creatures has lasted long enough. Sir W. Thompson concludes that the consolidation of the crust can hardly have occurred less than 20 or more than 400 million years ago, but probably not less than 98 or more than 200 million years. These very wide limits show how doubtful the data are; and other elements may have to be introduced into the problem. Mr. Croll estimates that about 60 million years have elapsed since the Cambrian period, but this, judging from the small amount of organic change since the commencement of the Glacial epoch, seems a very short time for the many and great mutations of life, which have certainly occurred since the Cambrian formation; and the previous 140 million years can hardly be considered as sufficient for the development of the varied forms of life which certainly existed towards the close of the Cambrian period. ↑

To the question why we do not find rich fossiliferous deposits belonging to these assumed earliest periods, I can give no satisfactory answer. Several ... eminent geologists, with Sir R. Murchison at their head, were until recently convinced that we beheld in the organic remains of the lowest Silurian stratum the first dawn of life. .. .. .. Other highly competent judges, as Lyell and .. E. Forbes , have disputed this conclusion. We should not forget that only a small portion of the world is known with accuracy. Not long ago M. Barrande added another and lower stage, ... abounding with new and peculiar species beneath the old Silurian system. Remnants of several forms have also been detected ... beneath Barrandes so-called primordial zone in the Longmynd group, now divided into two stages, and constituting the Lower Cambrian system. Still more recently, the remarkable discovery has been made by Torell of the remains of monocoty-ledonous plants in a Swedish formation, corresponding with the Longmynd group; so that terrestrial or freshwater plants existed several great stages lower down in the series than has hitherto been supposed. The presence also of phosphatic nodules and bituminous matter in some of the lowest azoic rocks, probably indicates life at these periods. Now the great discovery of the Eozoon in the Laurentian formation of Canada has been made, for after reading Dr. Carpenters description of this fossil, it is scarcely possible to doubt regarding its organic nature. ↑ There are three great series of strata beneath the Silurian system in Canada, in the lowest of which the Eozoon was found; and Sir W. Logan states that their "united thickness may possibly far surpass that of all the succeeding rocks, from the base of the palæozoic series to the present time. We are thus carried back to a period so far remote, that the appearance of the so-called Primordial fauna (of Barrande) may by some be considered a comparatively modern event." The Eozoon belongs to the most lowly organised of all classes of animals, but for its class is highly organised; it existed in countless numbers, and, as Dr. Dawson has remarked, certainly preyed on other minute organic beings, which must have lived in great numbers. ↑ Thus the words above given, which I wrote in 1859, and which are almost the same with those used by Sir W. Logan, have come true. Notwithstanding these several facts, the difficulty of assigning any good cause for the absence beneath the Silurian formations of vast piles of strata rich in fossils is very great. It does not seem probable that the

and it cannot on my theory be supposed, that these old species were the progenitors of all the species of the orders to which they belong, for they do not present characters in any degree intermediate between them. If, moreover, they had been the progenitors of these orders, they would almost certainly have been long ago supplanted and exterminated by their numerous and improved descendants.

Consequently, if my theory be true, it is indisputable that before the lowest Silurian stratum was deposited, long periods elapsed, as long as, or probably far longer than, the whole interval from the Silurian age to the present day; and that during these vast, yet quite unknown, periods of time, the world swarmed with living creatures. ↑ ↑

To the question why we do not find records of these vast primordial periods, I can give no satisfactory answer. Several of the most eminent geologists, with Sir R. Murchison at their head, are convinced that we see in the organic remains of the lowest Silurian stratum the dawn of life on this planet. Other highly competent judges, as Lyell and the late E. Forbes , dispute this conclusion. We should not forget that only a small portion of the world is known with accuracy. M. Barrande has lately added another and lower stage to the Silurian system, abounding with new and peculiar species. Traces of life have been detected in the Longmynd beds, beneath Barrande's so-called primordial zone. The presence of phosphatic nodules and bituminous matter in some of the lowest azoic rocks, probably indicates the former existence of life at these periods. But the difficulty of understanding the absence of vast piles of fossiliferous strata, which on my theory no doubt were somewhere accumulated before the Silurian epoch, is very great. If these