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1859
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1869
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Compare with:
1859
1860
1866
1869
1872

as 1859 1860 1861 1866
in the diagram as 1869

in the diagram, 1859 1860 1861 1866
OMIT 1869

a branching diagram had not been used, and only 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
OMIT 1872

written 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
simply written down 1872

possible to have given a natural arrangement; 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
natural; 1872

view which I hold, the 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
OMIT 1872

very ancient language had altered 1859 1860 1861 1866
ancient languages had altered very 1869 1872

(owing 1859 1860 1861 1866
had altered much owing 1869 1872

from a common race) had altered much, 1859 1860 1861
from a common stock) had altered much, 1866
races, 1869 1872

its proper intermediate
position.
position;
for
for
F
F
originally
originally
was
was
intermediate
intermediate
in
in
character
character
between
between
A
A
and
and
I,
I,
and
and
the
the
several
several
genera
genera
descended
descended
from
from
these
these
two
two
genera
genera
will
will
have
have
inherited
inherited
to
to
a
a
certain
certain
extent
extent
their
their
characters.
characters.
This natural arrangement is
shown
shown,
as far as is possible on paper, in the diagram, but in much too simple a manner. If a branching diagram had not been used, and only the names of the groups had been written in a linear series,
the representation
it
would have been still less possible to have given a natural arrangement; and it is notoriously not possible to represent in a series, on a flat surface, the affinities which we discover in nature amongst the beings of the same group. Thus,
on
on
the view which I hold, the natural system is genealogical in its
arrange- ment,
arrangement,
like a
pedigree:
pedigree;
but the
amount
degrees
of modification which the different groups have
undergone
undergone,
has
have
to be expressed by ranking them under different so-called genera, sub-families, families, sections, orders, and classes.
It may be worth while to illustrate this view of classification, by taking the case of languages. If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world; and if all extinct languages, and all intermediate and slowly changing dialects,
were
had
to be included, such an arrangement
would,
would
I think,
....
be the only possible one. Yet it might be that some very ancient language had altered
little
little,
and had given rise to few new languages, whilst others (owing to the
spreading,
spreading
and subsequent
and subsequent
isolation,
isolation
and
state
states
of civilisation of the several
races,
races,
co-descended
descended
from a common race) had altered much, and had
thus given
given
rise to many new
dialects
languages
and
languages.
dialects.
The various degrees of difference
between
in
the languages
of
from
the same stock, would have to