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OMIT 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872
the trees now growing on the 1859

which must formerly have been cleared of trees, now display 1860 1861 1866 1869 1872
display 1859

between the several kinds of trees must here 1859 1860 1861 1866
must 1869 1872

each 1859 1860 1861 1866
between the several kinds of trees, each 1869 1872

where each shall fall compared to that 1861 1866 1869 1872
compared to the action and reaction 1859 1860

action and reaction of the innumerable 1861 1866 1869 1872
innumerable 1859 1860

almost invariably will 1859 1860 1861 1866
will almost invariably 1869 1872

kinds to what we call chance. But how false a view is this! Every one has heard that when an American forest is cut down, a very different vegetation springs up; but it has been observed that OMIT ancient Indian
mounds,
ruins
in the Southern United States, which must formerly have been cleared of trees, now display the same beautiful diversity and proportion of kinds as in the surrounding virgin
forest.
forests.
What a struggle between the several kinds of trees must here have gone on during long
centuries
centuries,
each annually scattering its seeds by the thousand; what war between insect and
insect—between
insect— between
insects, snails, and other animals with birds and beasts of
prey—all
prey—
all
all
striving to increase,
and
and
all feeding on each
other,
other
or on the
trees,
trees
or
or
their seeds and seedlings, or on the other plants which first clothed the ground and thus checked the growth of the trees! Throw up a handful of feathers, and all
must
must
fall to the ground according to definite laws; but how simple is
this
the
problem where each shall fall compared to that of the action and reaction of the innumerable plants and animals which have determined, in the course of centuries, the proportional numbers and kinds of trees now growing on the old Indian ruins!
The dependency of one organic being on another, as of a parasite on its prey, lies generally between beings remote in the scale of nature. This is
likewise sometimes
often
the case with those which may
be strictly
strictly be
said to struggle with each other for existence, as in the case of locusts and grass-feeding quadrupeds. But the struggle almost invariably will be most severe between the individuals of the same species, for they frequent the same districts, require the same food, and are exposed to the same dangers. In the case of varieties of the same species, the struggle will generally be almost equally severe, and we sometimes see the contest soon decided: for