Origin of Species Variorum

seems entirely to rest on the assumption that the changes in both instinct and structure are abrupt. To take as an illustration the case of the larger titmouse (Parus major) alluded to in the last chapter: this bird often holds the seeds of the yew between its feet on a branch, and hammers away till it gets into the kernel. Now what special difficulty would there be in natural selection preserving each slight variation of beak, better and better adapted to break open seeds, until a beak was formed, as well constructed for this purpose as that of the nuthatch, at the same time that hereditary habit, or compulsion from the want of other food, or the preservation of chance variations of taste, made the bird more and more of a seed-eater? In this case the beak is supposed to be slowly modified by natural selection, subsequently to, but in accordance with, slowly changing habit; but let the feet of the titmouse vary and grow larger from correlation with the beak, or from any other unknown cause, and is it very improbable that such larger feet would lead the bird to climb more .. until it acquired even the remarkable climbing instinct and capacity of the nuthatch? In this case a gradual change of structure is supposed to lead to changed instinctive habits. .. .. To take one more case: few instincts are more remarkable than that which leads the swift of the Eastern Islands to make its nest wholly of inspissated saliva. Some birds build their nests of mud, believed to be moistened with saliva; and one of the swifts of North America makes its nest (as I have seen) of sticks agglutinated with saliva, and even with flakes of this substance. Is it then very improbable that the natural selection of individual swifts, which secreted more and more saliva, should at last produce a species with instincts leading it to neglect other materials, and to make its nest exclusively of inspissated saliva? And