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adaptive character, although of the utmost importance to the welfare of the being, are almost valueless to the systematist. For animals, belonging to two most distinct lines of descent, may readily become adapted to similar conditions, and thus assume a close external resemblance; but such resemblances will not reveal— will rather tend to conceal their blood-relationship to their proper lines of descent. We can also understand the apparent paradox, that the very same characters are analogical when one class or order is compared with another, but give true affinities when the members of the same class or order are compared one with another: thus the shape of the body and fin-like limbs are only analogical when whales are compared with fishes, being adaptations in both classes for swimming through the water; but the shape of the body and fin-like limbs serve as characters exhibiting true affinity between the several members of the whale family; for these cetaceans agree in so many characters, great and small, that we cannot doubt that they have inherited their general shape of body and structure of limbs from a common ancestor. So it is with fishes.
Text in this page (from paragraph 2101, sentence 100 to paragraph 2110, sentence 300, word 9) is not present in 1861
adaptive characters, although of the utmost importance to the welfare of the being, are almost valueless to the systematist. For animals, belonging to two most distinct lines of descent, may readily have become adapted to similar conditions, and thus have assumed a close external resemblance; but such resemblances will not reveal— will rather tend to conceal their blood-relationship to their proper lines of descent. We can also thus understand the apparent paradox, that the very same characters are analogical when one class or one order is compared with another, but give true affinities when the members of the same class or order are compared together: thus, the shape of the body and fin-like limbs are only analogical when whales are compared with fishes, being adaptations in both classes for swimming through the water; but the shape of the body and fin-like limbs serve as characters exhibiting true affinity between the several members of the whale family; for these cetaceans agree in so many characters, great and small, that we cannot doubt that they have inherited their general shape of body and structure of limbs from a common ancestor. So it is with fishes.
The most remarkable case of analogical resemblance ever recorded, though not dependent on adaptation to similar conditions of life, is that given by Mr. Bates with respect to certain butterflies in the Amazonian region closely mimicking other kinds. This excellent observer shows that in a district where, for instance, an Ithomia abounds in gaudy swarms, another butterfly, namely, a Leptalis, will often be found mingled in the same flock, .. so like the Ithomia in every shade and stripe of colour and even in the shape of its wings, that Mr. Bates, with his eyes sharpened by collecting during eleven years, was, though always on his guard, continually deceived. When the mockers and the mocked are caught and