Origin of Species Variorum

Comparison with 1866

certain elastic threads, and to retain the pollen-mass, which then performs its office of fertilisation.

How, it may be asked, in the foregoing and in innumerable other and similar cases, can we understand the cause of such a wide scale of complexity and of such multifarious means for gaining the same end, both in the case of forms widely remote from each other in affinity, and with forms so closely allied as are the two orchids last described? ↑ It was shown, when we discussed the air-breathing apparatus of certain crustaceans, that the process of adaptation for any purpose may start from two or more forms already differing from each other to a considerable degree, and that in almost all cases the nature of the variability, on which natural selection has to work, will be different; consequently, the final structure gained through natural selection, though serving for the same purpose, will be different. We must also bear in mind that every well-developed organism has already passed through a long course of modification; and that each modified structure tends to be inherited, so that it will not readily be lost, but may be modified again and again. Hence the structure of each part of each species, for whatever purpose used, will be the sum of the many inherited changes, through which that species has passed during its successive adaptations to changed habits and conditions of life.

Although in many cases it is most difficult to conjecture by what transitions .. organ could have arrived at its present state; yet, considering that the proportion of living and known forms ... is very small compared with the extinct and unknown forms, I have been astonished how rarely an organ can be named, towards which no transitional grade is known to lead. It certainly is true, that new organs very rarely or never suddenly appear in any class, as if created for some special purpose; as indeed is shown by that old canon in natural history of "Natura non facit saltum." We meet with this admission in the writings of almost every experienced naturalist; .. as Milne Edwards has well expressed

certain elastic threads, and retaining the pollen, fertilisation is effected.

How, it may be asked, in the foregoing and in innumerable other instances, can we understand the graduated scale of complexity and the multifarious means for gaining the same end. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The answer no doubt is, as already remarked, that when two forms vary, which already differ from each other even in a slight degree, the variability will not be of the same exact nature, and consequently the results obtained through natural selection for the same general purpose will not be the same. ↑ We should also bear in mind that every highly developed organism has .. passed through a long course of modification; and that each modified structure tends to be inherited, so that it will not readily be wholly lost, but may be modified again and again. Hence the structure of each part of each species, for whatever purpose used, is the sum of the many inherited changes, through which that species has passed during its successive adaptations to changed habits and conditions of life.

Finally then, although in many cases it is most difficult even to conjecture by what transitions many organs .. have arrived at their present state; yet, considering how small the proportion of living and known forms is to the extinct and unknown, ... I have been astonished how rarely an organ can be named, towards which no transitional grade is known to lead. It certainly is true, that new organs appearing as if specially created for some purpose, rarely or never appear suddenly in any class; as indeed is shown by that old, but somewhat exaggerated, canon in natural history of "Natura non facit saltum." We meet with this admission in the writings of almost every experienced naturalist; or as Milne Edwards has well expressed