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of an astronomer, who maintained that the satellites 1869
sufficient to say that because planets 1859 1860 1861 1866
of an astronomer who maintained that the satellites 1872

their planets "for 1869 1872
the sun, satellites follow 1859 1860 1861 1866

of symmetry," because 1869 1872
course round 1859 1860 1861 1866

thus revolve round the sun? 1869 1872
for the sake of symmetry, and to complete the scheme of nature? 1859 1860 1861 1866

OMIT 1869 1872
the formation of 1859 1860 1861 1866

are beneficial 1869 1872
can be of any service 1859 1860 1861 1866

removing matter so precious as 1869 1872
the excretion of precious 1859 1860 1861 1866

have been known to 1869 1872
sometimes 1859 1860 1861 1866

have been developed 1869
have appeared, not from unknown laws of growth, but 1859 1860 1861 1866
are developed 1872

have been developed 1869 1872
were formed 1859 1860 1861 1866

simple. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
comparatively simple; and we can understand to a large extent the laws governing their imperfect development. 1872

breeds of sheep,— 1869
breeds,— 1859 1860 1861 1866
breeds of sheep, 1872

monsters. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
monsters; but I doubt whether any of these cases throw light on the origin of rudimentary organs in a state of nature, further than by showing that rudiments can be produced; for the balance of evidence clearly indicates that species under nature do not undergo great and abrupt changes. 1872

I doubt whether any of these cases throw light on the origin of rudimentary organs in a state of nature, further than by showing that rudiments can be produced; for I doubt whether species under nature ever undergo abrupt changes. 1859 1860 1861 1866 1869
we learn from the study of our domestic productions that the disuse of parts leads to their reduced size; and that the result is inherited. 1872

bones?
Would it
What would
be thought of an astronomer, who maintained that the satellites revolve in elliptic courses round their planets "for the
same
sake
of symmetry," because
their
the
planets,
planets
thus revolve round the sun? An eminent physiologist accounts for the presence of rudimentary organs, by supposing that they serve to excrete matter in excess, or
injurious
matter injurious
to the system; but can
be
we
suppose that the minute
papilla;
papilla,
which often
represents
represent
the pistil in male flowers, and which is formed
merely
....
of
cellular
mere cellular
tissue, can thus act? Can we suppose that OMIT rudimentary
teeth
teeth,
which are subsequently absorbed, are beneficial to the rapidly growing embryonic calf by removing matter so precious as phosphate of lime? When a
man's
mans
fingers have been amputated, imperfect nails have been known to appear on the
stumps:
stumps,
I
and I
could as soon believe that these vestiges of nails have been developed in order to excrete horny matter, as that the rudimentary nails on the fin of the manatee have been developed for this
purpose.
same purpose.
On
my
the
view of descent with modification, the origin of rudimentary organs is simple. We have plenty of cases of rudimentary organs in our domestic productions,— as the stump of a tail in tailless breeds,— the vestige of an ear in earless breeds of sheep,— the reappearance of minute dangling horns in hornless breeds of cattle, more especially, according to Youatt, in young animals,— and the state of the whole flower in the cauliflower. We often see rudiments of various parts in monsters. But I doubt whether any of these cases throw light on the origin of rudimentary organs in a state of nature, further than by showing that rudiments can be produced; for I doubt whether species under nature ever undergo abrupt changes. I believe that disuse has been the main agency; that it has led in successive generations to the gradual reduction of various