Origin of Species Variorum

→ rudimentary pistil, 1869 1872

pistil, which is in a rudimentary state, 1859 1860 1861 1866

→ in the usual manner with hairs, which serve to brush 1872

with hairs as in other compositæ, for the purpose of brushing 1859 1860 1861 1866

with hairs, in the usual manner, for brushing 1869

→ and conjoined anthers. 1866 1869 1872

anthers. 1859 1860 1861

→ they 1872

developed, if of use, should not be called rudimentary; they cannot properly be said to be in an atrophied condition; they 1860

developed, if of use, should not be called rudimentary: they 1861 1866

developed, if of use, should not be considered as rudimentary: they 1869

→ developed, unless we have reason to suppose that they were formerly more highly developed, ought not to be considered as rudimentary. They may be in a nascent condition, and in progress towards further development. 1872

called nascent, and may hereafter be developed to any extent by natural selection. 1860

called nascent, and may hereafter be developed by natural selection to any further extent. 1861 1866 1869

→ other hand, are either quite useless, such as teeth which never cut through the gums, or almost useless, such as the wings of an ostrich, which serve merely as sails. 1872

individuals of the same species are very liable to vary in degree of development and in other respects. Moreover, in closely allied species, the degree to which the same organ has been rendered rudimentary occasionally differs much. 1859

other hand, are essentially useless, as teeth which never cut through the gums; in a still less developed condition, they would be of still less use. 1860

other hand, are essentially useless, as teeth which never cut through the gums. 1861 1866 1869

↑ 1 blocks not present in 1859 1860 1866 1869 1872; present in 1861

Moreover, in closely allied species, the degree to which the same organ has been rendered rudimentary occasionally differs much.

→ organs in this condition would formerly, when 1872

they would be of still less use, when in a 1866

they would be of even less use, when in a 1869

→ OMIT 1872

condition, they cannot 1866 1869

→ have 1869 1872

under the present state of things have 1866

→ of even less use than at present, they cannot formerly have been produced 1872

formed 1866 1869

→ through variation and 1869 1872

by 1866

→ OMIT 1872

cannot, therefore, under their present condition, 1860

relate to a former condition of their possessor, and 1861

→ partially retained by the power of 1872

formed by natural selection, which acts solely by the preservation of useful modifications; they have been retained, as we shall see, by 1860

retained, as we shall see, by 1861

→ is, however, often 1872

is 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ distinguish between rudimentary and nascent organs; 1872

know what are nascent organs; 1860

know what organs are nascent; 1861 1866 1869

→ for we can judge only by analogy whether a part is capable of further development, in which case alone it deserves to be called nascent. Organs in this 1872

looking to the future, we cannot of course tell how any part will be developed, and whether it is now nascent; looking to the past, creatures with an organ in a nascent 1860 1861

looking to the future, we cannot of course tell how any part will be developed, and whether it is now in a nascent condition; looking to the past, creatures with an organ in a nascent 1866

looking to the future, we can- not of course tell how any part will be developed, and whether it is now in a nascent condition; looking to the past, creatures with an organ in this 1869

→ always be somewhat rare; for beings thus provided will commonly 1872

generally 1860 1861 1866 1869

→ state, and consequently will have become long ago extinct. 1869 1872

and developed condition. 1860 1861

and developed condition, and consequently will not now exist. 1866

→ on the other hand, is quite 1866 1869 1872

is 1860 1861

"no

reference to the future life of the animal, nor has

"it

any adaptation to its embryonic condition; it has

"solely

solely

reference to ancestral adaptations, it repeats a

"phase

phase

in the development of its progenitors."

organ

organ,

serving for two purposes, may become rudimentary or utterly aborted for one, even the more important

purpose;

purpose,

and remain perfectly efficient for the other. Thus in plants, the office of the pistil is to allow the pollen-tubes to reach the ovules

protected in

within

the

ovarium

its

base.

The pistil consists of a stigma supported on

the

its

style; but in some

compositæ,

Compositæ,

the male florets, which of course cannot be fecundated, have a →rudimentary pistil, for it is not crowned with a stigma; but the style remains well

developed,

developed

and is clothed →in the usual manner with hairs, which serve to brush the pollen out of the surrounding →and conjoined anthers. Again, an organ may become rudimentary for its proper purpose, and be used for a distinct

object:

one:

in certain

fish

fishes

the

swim-bladder

swimbladder

swim bladder

seems to be

nearly rudimentary

rudimentary

for its proper function of giving buoyancy, but has become converted into a nascent breathing organ or lung.

Other

Many

similar instances could be given.

Organs,

Useful organs,

however little →they may be →developed, unless we have reason to suppose that they were formerly more highly developed, ought not to be considered as rudimentary. They may be in a nascent condition, and in progress towards further development. Rudimentary

organs

organs,

the →other hand, are either quite useless, such as teeth which never cut through the gums, or almost useless, such as the wings of an ostrich, which serve merely as sails. ↑ As →organs in this condition would formerly, when still less

developed

developed,

→OMIT →have been →of even less use than at present, they cannot formerly have been produced →through variation and natural selection, which

latter

....

acts solely by the preservation of useful modifications. They →OMIT have been →partially retained by the power of

inheritance.

~~and~~

~~relate~~

~~former~~

condition

~~state~~

state

~~things.~~

their possessor.

things.

It →is, however, often difficult to →distinguish between rudimentary and nascent organs; →for we can judge only by analogy whether a part is capable of further development, in which case alone it deserves to be called nascent. Organs in this condition will →always be somewhat rare; for beings thus provided will commonly have been supplanted

and exterminated

....

by their successors with the

organ

same organ

in a more perfect →state, and consequently will have become long ago extinct. The wing of the penguin is of high service,

and acts

acting

as a fin; it may, therefore, represent the nascent state of the

wings

wing;

of birds;