Caricatures of Evolution
This unprecedented 575-page catalogue of over 1,200 caricatures and satirical illustrations regarding Darwin and evolution transforms our knowledge of the surprisingly vast extent of Darwin's impact on visual culture from 1860-1939. Some of these have long been famous but most of were unknown to scholars before. Caricatures about the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial are in the 165-page catalogue here. Those that represent Darwin himself, including over 30 newly discovered ones, are in the 155-page catalogue Caricatures of Charles Darwin.
Introduction by J. David Archibald and John van Wyhe
1860 "UNNATURAL SELECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF SPECIES. | (A Paper intended to be read at Our Social Science Congress, by One who has been spending half-an-hour or so with DARWIN.)" Punch 39 (10 November): 182. A terrified larger cat reacting to very small dog (unnatural) accompanying a satirical article on the "mysteries of wedlock" and a "new theory of Unnatural Selection". This is the earliest known caricature of Darwin's evolutionary theory as presented in Origin of species published the previous November. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
LATE 1850s THE GORILLA COMES TO LONDON
Gorilla caricatures at this time owe as much to Paul Du Chaillu's Explorations and adventures in equatorial Africa in April 1861 and his public lectures as to Darwin's recently published Origin of species. A gorilla specimen was reportedly displayed at the Crystal Palace in 1858 London (Horrall 2017). These coincidences thrust the gorilla to the fore as the newest member of the primate family – both frightening and fascinating Londoners. Satirists pounced. It is therefore plausible that some of the gorilla cartoons around this time owe little to Darwin's book.
1861 "MONKEYANA." Gorilla holding a staff with sign board reading: "AM I A MAN AND A BROTHER?" Punch 40 (18 May): 206. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
Accompanied by poem signed "Zoological Gardens, May 1861, GORILLA." This was an obvious reference to the famous 1780s abolitionist phrase "Am I not a Man and a Brother?" The accompanying poem, which mentions Darwin, is attributed to the palaeontologist Sir Philip Egerton according to Horrall, Inventing the Cave Man from Darwin to the Flintstones (2017). The image is discussed by Julia Voss, Darwin's pictures, pp. 234-5. She writes "the cartoon's title, is a reference to an identically named series of etchings from 1827 by Thomas Landseer, Edwin Landseer's brother. This successful work uses the animal in its traditional function as a distorting mirror, depicting a dressed-up ape to parody middle-class society. But while Landseer's satire has the bourgeoisie as its target, the Punch cartoon plays on the debate about the abolition of slavery in a way a resident of Victorian England would immediately recognize." See also Voss, Monkey, apes and evolutionary theory, in Donald and Munro eds., Endless forms, 2009, pp. 225-6. James G. Paradis, Satire and science in Victorian Culture, Victorian Science in Context, 1997, stresses that the important context for the caricature of the Huxley vs Owen debates which takes up much of the accompanying poem.
"Am I satyr or man?
Pray tell me who can,
And settle my place in the scale,
A man in ape's shape,
An anthropoid ape,
Or monkey deprived of his tail?
The Vestiges taught,
That all came from naught
By "development," so called, "progressive;"
That insects and worms
Assume higher forms
By modification excessive.
Then DARWIN set forth.
In a book of much worth,
The importance of "Nature's selection;"
How the struggle for life
Is a laudable strife,
And results in "specific distinction."
Let pigeons and doves
Select their own loves,
And grant them a million of ages.
Then doubtless you'll find
They've altered their kind,
And changed into prophets and sages
LEONARD HORNER relates,
That Biblical dates
The age of the world cannot trace;
That Bible tradition,
By Nile's deposition,
Is put to the right about face.
Then there's PENGELLY
Who next will tell ye
That he and his colleagues of late
Find celts and shaped stones
Mixed up with cave bones
Of contemporaneous date.
Then PRESTWICH, he pelts
With hammers and celts
All who do not believe his relation.
That the tools he exhumes
From gravelly tombs
Date before the Mosaic creation.
Then HUXLEY and OWEN,
With rivalry glowing,
With pen and ink rush to the scratch;
'Tis Brain versus Brain,
Till one of them's slain ;
By Jove! it will be a good match!
Says OWEN, you can see
The brain of Chimpanzee
Is always exceedingly small,
With the hindermost "horn"
Of extremity shorn,
And no "Hippocampus" at all.
The Professor then tells 'em,
That man's "cerebellum,"
From a vertical point you can't see;
That each "convolution"
Contains a solution.
Of "Archencephalic" degree
Then apes have no nose.
And thumbs for great toes,
And a pelvis both narrow and slight;
They can't stand upright,
Unless to show fight.
With "DU CHAILLU," that chivalrous knight!
Next HUXLEY replies.
That Owen he lies.
And garbles his Latin quotation;
That his facts are not new,
His mistakes not a few,
Detrimental to his reputation.
"To twice slay the slain,"
By dint of the Brain,
(Thus Huxley concludes his review)
Is but labour in vain,
Unproductive of gain,
And so I shall bid you "Adieu!"
Zoological Gardens, May, 1861. GORILLA."
1861 "THE LION OF THE SEASON. | ALARMED Flunkey. 'MR. G-G-G-O-O-O-RILLA!'" Punch 40 (25 May): 213.(Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
An shocked footman in livery with his hair standing on end announces a gorilla in evening dress. A similar Gorilla was drawn in Punch (14 December) 1861 to dismissively represent the Irish. See the detailed commentary on this in Horrall, Inventing the Cave Man from Darwin to the Flintstones. p. 37. The joke here is the shock of the footman; since gorillas are seemingly talked about everywhere, they might soon be joining us for dinner. There is a copy of this in the Darwin family collection of caricatures: CUL-DAR225.182 Image
1861 On 1 July Adelphi Theatre presented "Mr Gorilla", an update of an 1842 farce prompted by Du Chaillu's sensationalized reports of the west African gorilla (Horrall 2017). The song "Mr Gorilla The Lion of the Season" was sung by Howard Paul. The cover of the sheet music was printed by Stannard and Dixon, London (Victoria and Albert Museum).
1861 "AGITATED TAILOR (to foreign-looking gentleman). 'Y-you're rather l-long in the arm, S-sir, b-b-but I'll do my b-b-best to fit you!'" Punch 40 (28 December): 257. Below an article "Men and monkeys" discussing and defending Du Chaillu.
1861 "PREFACE." to the Punch volume for 1861 with bewhiskered ape holding volume 40. Punch 40 (29 June): iii. There follows two pages of text wherein Mr. Punch and the Gorilla Ambassador exchange niceties, mostly around the Gorilla Ambassador asking to establish official exchanges. Mr. Punch sends him away advising him to read volume 40 of Punch before returning. The room is filled with ape onlookers. Other than oblique references to brain structure, there is no overt reference to Darwin or his theories. There is a copy in CUL-DAR251.1819, a volume of papers that belonged to George Howard Darwin.
1861 "THE NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC LOOKING-GLASS. | 'Ain't it a jolly sell, MR. O'TOOLE? But don't tell Ma when she comes down, 'cause she said I wasn't to show it to YOU on any account!' [because Mr. O'Toole looks a little reminiscent of a gorilla himself] | (N. B. Anybody failing to see the point, is referred to the now widely-circulated 'Portrait of the Gorilla,' to be obtained at the nearest Photographers.)" 40 Punch (23 November): 204.
1861 "ONE GOOD TURN DESERVES ANOTHER. | The lazy organ grinders have had it all their own way with the Monkeys—now then—change about!" Punch's Almanack for 1862.
1861 Punch vol. 40. Vignette at conclusion of the preface. An ape leapfrogs over Mr Punch. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1862 "1862 A.D. 5862. THE GORILLA ON Mr SPURGEON." Carte de visite, London: London Stereoscopic Company.
On 1 October 1861 the extremely popular Baptist preacher Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892) gave a talk entitled 'The Gorilla and the land he inhabits', mostly Paul Du Chaillu's Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa. Spurgeon had a stuffed gorilla on stage while he spoke. He declared he could not believe that gorillas were related to humans: "there is Mr. Darwin, who at once is prepared to prove that our great-grandfather's grandfather's father–keep on for about a millennium or two–was a guinea-pig, and that we were ourselves originally descended from oysters, or seaweeds, or starfishes...but I, for my own part, believe there is a great gulf fixed between us". This CDV lampooned his speech by showing a gorilla lecture about him in the distant future and their roles are reversed.
1862 "WHERE SUCH THINGS ARE BOUGHT." Punch (18 January): 27. A gorilla beckons towards the door of the British Museum marked "GRAY" for curator John Edward Gray (1800-75) who will pay good money for the body of a gorilla to put on display. This is a joke between artists selling gorilla drawings as the text hints. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1862 "APPENDIX TO DARWIN'S ORIGIN OF SPECIES." 42 (8 February): 52. Ledger Author: Percival Leigh. A gentleman riding an elephant jumping over a fence during a fox hunt. Summary by the SciPer Project: "Notes the observation made by 'several scientific observers' that 'the physiognomy of the American of the United States is beginning to exhibit a resemblance to that of the Red Indian', a development signified by the Confederate army's 'barbarous act' of sinking a stone fleet at Charleston Harbour (Fort Sumter). Anticipates that Thomas B Macaulay's 'New Zealander' would find New York inhabited by Americans who have descended to the America Indian 'level of humanity'." (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1862 "GORILLA BRITANNICUS. | HE STOOD THERE, BEAT HIS BREAST WITH HIS HUGE FISTS TILL IT SOUNDED LIKE AN IMMENSE BASS DRUM, MEANTIME GIVING VENT TO ROAR AFTER ROAR. Du Chaillu." Vanity Fair 5 (8 February): 71. Although not mentioning evolution or Darwin, the use of a gorilla in this image clearly references the gorilla-mania of the time while quoting a scene from the book by Paul du Chaillu and putting the mighty gorilla in the place of the British lion. (University of Michigan Library)
1862 "THE MISSING LINK." Punch 43 (18 October): 165. The interest in the gorilla as possible human ancestor resulting from the display of a gorilla at the Crystal Palace in 1858 provided satirical cover for blatant racial slurs such as this one maligning Irish "Yahoos". (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1862 "A REAL NATIVE." By [Trident], pseud. [Henry R. Howard] (SciPer Project) Punch 43 (22 November): 209. The image shows an oyster with a black, clownish face. The figure accompanies a satirical letter to Mr. Punch "OUR ANCESTRY" signed "NATURAL SELECTION. Struggle for Life Place". Anti-Irish prejudge is expressed by noting that "the missing link between man and the Gorilla is undeniably found in the Irish Yahoo, referring to Swift's 18th-century imagery of brutish creatures in Gulliver's Travels.
1863.1 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO. 1–LIKE A BULL AT A GATE." Illustrated Times (2 May): 12. This was the first of 20 transformational or metamorphosis cartoons drawn by Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times. Each was accompanied by a comic poem. The final bullish man here is a vestry orator. The phrase 'like a bull at a gate' meant to rush into something hastily. This drawing was reprinted as the frontispiece to Bennett's posthumously published book Character sketches, development drawings and original pictures of wit and humour London: Ward, Lock and Tyler (1872) with the dedication printed across the top of the foldout plate. (Wellcome Collection)
It has been said that these images by Bennett and many other artists combing human and animal forms appeared in response to T. H. Huxley's Evidence as to man's place in Nature (published February 1863) PDF However this genre of comic art was already very old. See for example the work of Charles Le Brun (1619-1690). These transformations or comic metamorphoses are a continuation of a popular genre. Darwinism was just a new topic to poke fun at. It has also been suggested this figure resembles Darwin before he grew his beard. (p. 146) However, this is not meant to be Darwin. As can be seen in John van Wyhe's 2021 iconography of Darwin, only one known print portrait of Darwin was published before 1863 (Maguire 1849), and Bennett's figure is portly (Darwin was thin) and lacks the mutton chop sideburns of the Maull & Polyblank 1857 photograph of Darwin. The public did not know what Darwin looked like at this time. Furthermore, Bennett's figures do not represent individual's for caricature or comment but illustrate the poems they were published with to make a comical point. These caricatures and Bennett are discussed in Jonathan Smith, Charles Darwin and Victorian visual culture, 2006, pp. 236-240.
1863.2 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO. 2—BEWARE OF THE GOOSE WHEN THE FOX PREACHES." Illustrated Times (9 May): 333. (Wellcome Collection)
1863.3 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—3 GOOD DOG!" Illustrated Times (16 May): 318. (Wellcome Collection)
1863.4 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—4 POOR PUSS." Illustrated Times (23 May): 364. (Wellcome Collection)
1863.5 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—5 A MONKEY TRICK." Illustrated Times (30 May): 381. (Wellcome Collection) Julia Voss describes this caricature in Darwin's pictures, pp. 146-147. She writes: "the hot- air balloon symbolizes a suspicion of speculation and the accusation that the theory of evolution is just an audience pleasing thought experiment. To spell out this visual critique, the caricature suggests that the similarity Huxley establishes between human and ape through a series of steps may also rest on a mere 'monkey trick.'"
1863.6 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—6 WHAT MAKES YOUR EARS SO LONG?" Illustrated Times (6 June): 396. (Wellcome Collection) Reprinted in El Museo universal (Spain) (28 June 1863) "Origen de ciertas especies de animales" (The origin of certain species of animals).
1863.7 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—7 PIGGISH." Illustrated Times (13 June): 413. (Wellcome Collection)
1863.8 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—8 QUIET AS A LAMB." Illustrated Times (20 June): 429. (Wellcome Collection)
1863.9 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—9 CATCH HIM ASLEEP." Illustrated Times (4 July): 13.
1863.10 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—10 THE ORIGIN OF GAROTTE." Illustrated Times (11 July): 29. (Wellcome Collection)
1863.11 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—11 LITTLE MOUSEY." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (25 July): 61.
1863.12 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—12 AN OWL, TO WIT." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (1 August): 77.
1863.13 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—13 HE WOULD A-WOOING GO." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (8 August): 93. [plate is from the 1872 book]
1863.14 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—14 A CROCODILE'S TEARS." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (22 August): 124. [plate is from the 1872 book]
1863.15 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—15 ALL'S FISH THAT COMES." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (29 August): 141.
1863.16 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—16 COCK-A-DOODLE-DOO." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (5 September): 157. [plate is from the 1872 book]
1863.17 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—17 SLOW AND SURE." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (12 September): 174. [plate is from the 1872 book]
1863.18 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—18 UNWILLINGLY TO SCHOOL." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (26 September): 205.
1863.19 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—19 VULTURINE." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (3 October): 221. [plate is from the 1872 book]
1863.20 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DEDICATED BY NATURAL SELECTION TO DR. CHARLES DARWIN. | NO.—20 AS THIRSTY AS A FISH." By Charles H. Bennett. Illustrated Times (10 October): 237.
1860-1864 Advert card for "B.T. Babbitt's Medicinal Yeast" On verso: "The Darwinian doctrine teaches that man has been raised through the process of natural selection from a status analogous to that of the ape or monkey. If that is the case, food has played a very important part. In other words, a properly chosen and prepared diet is one of great statement of civilization. For this reason ALL scientific men approve of B.T. Babbitt's Medicinal Yeast as the best thing extant, on account of its purity, strength, healthfulness, and the delicious articles made by its aid."
1863 "ARE WE NOT ALL BROTHERS? (DEDICATED TO THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY)" The Comic News (5 December): 165. A reference to the famous abolitionist phrase 'Am I not a man and a brother?'
Janet Browne wrote about this society in her biography of Darwin, vol. 2, p. 253: "An Anthropological Society had been founded in 1863 in London, dedicated to the 'science of man.' This new society was set up by James Hunt in direct opposition to the philanthropic, missionary connections of the older Ethnological Society, a bias that was in part stimulated by the Ethnological's intention to admit women to their meetings, and its abolitionist stance both before and during the American Civil War. By and large, the members of the Ethnological Society believed in monogenism—that all human beings belonged to the same species. By contrast, Hunt was convinced that the geographical diversity of human beings was a consequence of having emerged from several species—the doctrine of polygenism. Brash, noisy, and masculine, the members of the new society pursued the biology of human difference. They talked of skulls and brain size, buttocks, and primitive civilisations."
1864 "THE MISSING LINK." Punch 46 (14 May): 204. The jokes in this article 'The Rejected of the Academy' are about imaginary paintings turned down by the Academy, the paintings are in fact riddles. One called 'Vice' is a drawing of a mechanics bench vice. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1864 "'DRESSING FOR AN OXFORD BAL MASQUE.' | 'THE QUESTION IS, IS MAN AN APE OR AN ANGEL? (A Laugh.) NOW, A I AM ON THE SIDE OF THE ANGELS. (Cheers.)'—Mr. Disraeli's Oxford Speech, Friday, November 25." Punch (10 December). This famous caricature of Benjamin Disraeli refers to the above remarks made in his Oxford Diocesan Society speech pertaining to the Conservative Party's policy towards the Church and the recent Darwinian question of man's animal origins. The accompanying poem mentions "Yet scarce the best mimes can from Nature escape, And what's Simious to Saintly brooks change ill: Have a care lest thou then shouldst be most of the Ape, When most bent on enacting the Angel." (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1865 "A DARWINIAN IDEA. | SUGGESTED BY THE CATTLE SHOW." Punch 41 (23 December): 246. Top shows a normal sow labelled "THE OLD SORT." In the middle a very fat sow labelled "THE MODERN IMPROVEMENT." At the bottom is an even fatter sow with no legs visible labelled "WHAT IT MUST COME TO." (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1865 "THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. [viewed from the Monkey House]." Fun (24 June): 69. The monkey describes the humans and complains about Darwin and his Origin of species. "Oh, Mr. Charles Darwin, if I had but hold of the fingers that you wrote your absurd book with, for just a little quarter of an hour, I'd Origin of Species you!" Signed 'Brunton'.
1867 "Der indirekte Darwinianer." By C. Br. Fliegende Blätter 47.1867, 1154, p. 63. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) This middle-class father mocks Darwinism but his children seem to reveal bestial characters.
1868 "COLUMBARIAN COMBINATIONS. | A theory founded on the researches of Darley and Huxwin. By our Almond-Tumbler." Referring to Darwin's recently published Variation of animals and plants under domestication. This being a pigeon fanciers club made up of anthropomorphised pigeons. The spelling of the names of Darwin and Huxley are mixed together to make Darley and Huxwin. Fun 6 (4 January).
1868 "THIS GENEALOGICAL PICTURE OF MR. PUNCH'S FOREFATHERS (AND FORE-MOTHERS), IN DIRECT LINE FROM 1066 TO 1868, ILLUSTRATING THE GRADUAL TRIUMPH OF MIND OVER MATTER THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION &c., &c. RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO MR. DARWIN." By George Du Maurier. Punch's Almanack for 1868.
1869 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY. | THIS IS WHAT HUMAN NATURE IS FAST COMING TO." Melbourne Punch (8 July).
1870s? Untitled cartoon in the Darwin Archive of a wild man embracing an ape and a well-dressed gentleman smoking pipes. CUL-DAR140.4.24. Compare with the caricature of Darwin in CUL-DAR140.4.27.
1869 "AUDI ET ALTERAM PARTEM HOOR EN WEDERHOOR". (hear the other side [or] hear and hear again) Nederlandsche Spectator, A Dutch literary magazine that ran from 1856-1908.
1870s? Untitled [Simian sleeping, approached by human female with copy of Descent of man followed by band of 'civilised' men brandishing weapons of war]. Stamped on verso "Herbert S. Rogers. 40 and 42 State St., Rochester, N.Y." CUL-DAR140.4.28
1871 "Key to ancestral names in the physiographical illustration of Darwin's Descent of Man" By Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins. (Drexel University, (ANSP-Coll-0803 | Baumunk ed., Darwin und Darwinismus, 1994) With thanks to Gordon Chancellor. This is said to be anti-Darwin though it is hard to see the critique. This appears more of a humorous response to Darwin's Descent of man.
1870 "THE HAT AND ITS ANCESTORS; OR, UN-NATURAL SELECTION". Fun 10 (26 February).
1871 "MR. PUNCH'S DESIGNS AFTER NATURE. | GRAND BACK-HAIR SENSATION FOR THE COMING SEASON." By Edward Linley Sambourne. Punch 60 (1 April): 127. Although this caricature has long been associated with the publication of Darwin's Descent of man, the series of 20 'Designs after nature' had been published since 1867. A caption of one from 1867 reads "As birds' feathers and train dresses are all the go…" (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
The Punch article accompanying the image here reads, "MOST NATURAL SELECTION. If Mr. Darwin's theory of the Descent of Man were true, we should, in consistency with it, have to accept quite new views of marriage. At present, marriages with near relations are generally considered objectionable, and that in proportion to proximity of kin. Accordingly, therefore, the more remote the relationship between a married pair, the more normal the marriage. Now, if we are descended from Anthropoid Apes, the Orang-Outang, the Chimpanzee, and the Gorilla are certainly our poor relations, and they are as distant as they are poor, far more distant than any tribe of natives capable of articulate speech. If, then, we believed the genealogy which MR. DARWIN claims for us, we should conclude that there was no cause or just impediment whatever why we should not marry cousins so very many more degrees removed than any other as those arboreal and quadrumanous ones above-named. We might even go farther, and not, unless Darwinism is nonsense, fare worse, but better. Any human being, desirous of a perfect mate, would. clearly do best of all to marry, if possible, the Larva of a Marine Ascidian." This caricature is discussed in Jane Munro, 'More like a work of art than of nature', in Donald and Munro eds., Endless forms, 2009, pp. 280-282.
1871 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY OF THE SCREW." Frank Leslie's Boys' and Girls' Weekly: An Illustrated Journal of Amusement, Adventure, and Instruction 10, 240, (27 May): 96. (Falvey Library, Villanova University)
1871 "DARWINIAN INSTINCTS.—IN AN EMERGENCY, A REPORTER TAKES REFUGE ON THE MONKEY'S CAGE AT A MENAGERIE." The Days' Doings 2, 45 (3 June): 317. (Falvey Library, Villanova University) The text notes that "A reporter, who is evidently a believer in the Darwinian theory, and thought his first cousins might help him in the case of an emergency, was safely perched on the top of the cage of monkeys."
1871 "MONKEY-ANA; OR ANCESTRY ACCORDING TO DARWIN. | 'THE DEVELOPMENT BY SELECTION' THEORY — WHAT THE ANCESTORS OF CELEBRATED PEOPLE MUST HAVE LOOKED LIKE." Signed "LB". The Days' Doings (10 June): 325-326. (Falvey Library, Villanova University)
The monkey's are said to be caricatures of famous people of the day and each is numbered but there is no key with the article. 'Monkey-ana' was the title of Thomas Landseer's 1827 book of satirical etchings of anthropomorphised monkeys in human dress.
1871 "THE POULTRY AND PIGEON SHOW. | BY OUR OWN IDIOT. | When Darwin, while the public gapes | And swallows any tale he shapes | Declares our race derived from apes, …" Fun (2 December): 238.
1871 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY, A SKETCH IN THE MONKEY-HOUSE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS." By George du Maurier. The Graphic. An Illustrated Weekly Newspaper 4 (8 July): 33.
1871 "SUGGESTIONS FOR AERIAL NAVIGATION | […] PUT ON A TAIL COAT, STAND ON THE ROOF, DRAW YOUR BREATH AND WAVE YOUR HANDS GENTLY UP AND DOWN FOR A FEW GENERATIONS. BY AN EXTENSION OF MR. DARWIN'S THEORY YOU WILL GRADUALLY FIT YOURSELF FOR INDEPENDENT VOLITATION. (THIS PLAN REQUIRES MUCH PATIENCE AND SELF-DENIAL)" By George Du Maurier. Punch's Almanack for 1871 60 (1 July): xii. The cartoon shows a man on a roof morphing into a bird-like creature with enlarged hands as wings. This is the bottom image of a full page of cartoons titled "SUGGESTIONS FOR AERIAL NAVIGATION." From the "SOCIÉTÉ DE VOLOVOLAUVENTS" (VOLO VOLARE— I WILL FLY; VENTUM-WIND OR NO WIND).
1871 "A LOGICAL REFUTATION OF MR. DARWIN'S THEORY. | Jack (who has been reading passages from the 'Descent of Man' to the Wife whom he adores, but loves to tease). 'SO YOU SEE, MARY, BABY IS DESCENDED FROM A HAIRY QUADRUPED, WITH POINTED EARS AND A TAIL. WE ALL ARE!' | Mary. 'SPEAK FOR YOURSELF, JACK! I'M NOT DESCENDED FROM ANYTHING OF THE KIND, I BEG TO SAY; AND BABY TAKES AFTER ME. SO, THERE!'" By George Du Maurier. Punch 60 (1 April): 130.
(Darwin's copy is in CUL-DAR140.4.3) This caricature is discussed in Eveleen Richards, Darwin and the making of sexual selection, 2017, p. 476.
1871 "The Correct Portrait of a Young Gentleman of Fifth Avenue, who said Doctor Darwin's Theory was all Humbug." Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal (3 May): 11. Reprinted in Harper's Bazaar 4, 23 (10 June): 368. (pictured here) Showing a dandy with quite bestial countenance.
1871 "DARWIN'S ORIGIN OF SPECIES." By Frank Bellew. Harper's Bazaar 4, 26 (1 July): 416. Cartoon shows four figures transforming from monkey into Victorian lady playing croquet.
1871 "A COURT OF JUSTICE—FROM A DARWINIAN POINT OF VIEW." Baboons and other monkeys make up a rather disorganised courtroom scene. The Days' Doings 2, 50 (8 July): 389. (Falvey Library, Villanova University)
1871 "((L'homme descend du singe.))—Quelle vanité! Je proteste, nous sommes libres et athées, nous, tandis que les hommes quand ils veulent l'être on les massacre..." Ape reading 'DARWIN DESCENDANCE DE L'HOMME' (Darwin The Descent Of Man) (Man is descended from the ape. What vanity! I protest, we are free and atheists, while men, when they want to be free, are massacred...) The artist Pilotell (Eau-forte de Georges Raoul Eugène Labidie Pilotelle) worked during the time of the Paris Commune. It was published in London by Auguste Delâtre, sympathizer and refugee from the Commune.
1871 "THE DARWINIAN STUDENT'S AFTER DINNER DREAM" Harper's Weekly Supplement (23 December): 1209-10, p. 1209. The description of this vignette on p. 2010 reads:
"A DARWINIAN REVERIE.
THE Darwinian theory development has been provocative of much clever satire, both literary and pictorial; and whatever scientific men may think of it, unscientific people will always join in the laugh when they see it grotesquely and humorously caricatured, as in Mr. Woolf's drawing on the preceding page.
The student who sees this wonderful reverie pictured in the smoke of his meerschaum has doubtless bothered his scanty modicum of brains with the weighty problem until, like Lord Dundreary, he has come to the wise conclusion that "the devil himself couldn't find out that." His dinner and wine haven't done much to clear his muddled intellect, and as he blows the fragrant clouds from his lips, he dreamily sees the astonishing process of development which our clever artist has depicted. The oyster, the fork, the Champagne bottle, and the dishes leave the table together, and begin a wondrous change into something odd and strange. The oyster gradually assumes the form of a lovely girl of the period; the fork, that of a nice young man; the bottle, that of a "spiritual" adviser. The other articles assume different shapes, and pursue various processes of development, which the reader can readily trace out for himself. The after-history of the oyster and fork may also be traced without difficulty.
The strip underneath the main picture contains a capital touch of satire. Here the development process makes a retrograde movement, not altogether flattering to man's superior intellect."
1871 or after. "A LITTLE MORE OF DARWIN'S DESCENT OF MAN." With satirical verses signed A. F. Hill. Publication untraced. Possibly from an American periodical. (CUL-DAR140.4.17) The poem was reprinted without the illustration under the title "THE DESCENT (?) OF MAN." And signed "LESTRANGE" in The Washington Times (Washington [D.C.]) (9 December 1924): 1.
c.1871 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES | Mammalia.— This Species Suckles its Young. Buffon." carte was sold by F. Passmore, Stationer and Bookseller, of 124 Cheapside, London. An almost identical cartoon, without mentioning Darwin, appeared in Judy (11 October 1871): 252.
1872 Caricature of the artist, Charles H. Bennett, producing a monkey shadow via a magic lantern light, called in this work the "eidolographic process" in a section of his book called 'Shadow and substance' following the 'The origin of species' section with the 20 transformational cartoons by Bennett from 1863. Character sketches, development drawings and original pictures of wit and humour. London: Ward, Lock and Tyler.
1872 "PIETY AND PARALLEL." By J. Sands. Punch 63 (30 November): 222.
An ape sits in a tree gesticulating while holding a book identified as by Darwin. Mentions Darwin's Descent of Man and Expression of the Emotions. Description by the SciPer Project: "The text notes that Richard Baxter allegedly exclaimed, on seeing a criminal on his way to the gallows, 'There, but for divine grace, goes RICHARD BAXTER'. Imagines that Charles R Darwin would utter a 'corresponding though different reflection'. On seeing a monkey scratching itself in the Zoological Society Gardens, Darwin might observe, 'There, but for Natural Selection and the Struggle for Existence, sits Charles Darwin'." Darwin's copy is in CUL-DAR140.4.14 See also the copy in McGill-CA-OSLER0-P110[.89].
"PIETY AND PARALLEL. The celebrated Nonconformist Divine who flourished under the Commonwealth and Restoration, and wrote the Saints' Everlasting Pest, the Call to the Unamverted, and another awakening appeal addressed to Christian backsliders, is said to have been accustomed, whenever he saw a criminal on his way to the gallows, to exclaim, "There, but for divine grace, goes Richard Baxter." A distinguished Naturalist, author of the recently published work on the Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, a sequel to his famous treatise on the Descent of Man, may be imagined occasionally giving utterance to a corresponding though different reflection. At the sight of a monkey scratching himself in the Zoological Gardens, that philosopher might with much propriety observe, ''There, but for Natural Selection and the Struggle for Existence, sits Charles Darwin." Ledger Author: Percival Leigh.
1872 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES A LA DARWIN." Canadian Illustrated News, p. 48
1872 "VIRGINIA.—A SCENE IN THE STREETS OF RICHMOND.—THE DARWNIAN THEORY ILLUSTRATED.—A CASE OF NATURAL SELECTION." By William Ludwell Sheppard. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 34 (27 April): 97. (Library of Congress) The explanation for the illustration occurs on p. 99:
"THE DARWINIAN THEORY ILLUSTRATED.
Our artist has given a humorous and satirical illustration from actual life of one of the favorite theories of Darwin, which have created an excitement almost without parallel in the scientific as well as in the religious world. One of those theories being that there has been a gradual and progressive variation from the lowest order of animals to the highest, it will be hardly straining his proposition to assume that at some remote period of creation the monkey may have been the ancestor of the human race. If this be conceded, it may not be regarded as impossible that in the march of progress a gleam of intelligence may flash across the mind or instinct of the monkey, and suggest to him the idea of claiming kindred with his more favored brother. To accomplish this, inasmuch as language is as yet denied him, the only method left to express his thoughts would be by signs indicating that he recognized points of resemblance between himself and some member of the human family, and to enforce that idea by an effort to introduce himself as a familiar acquaintance, without regard to the wishes of the individual.
After these remarks, the scene depicted by your artist, in which the monkey of an itinerant organ-grinder has suddenly fastened himself upon the head of a little negro of the pure African type, needs no further explanation. The interest, if not affection, manifested by the animal, and the surprise. if not dismay, of the juvenile human, are graphically portrayed; and while the bystanders probably never heard of Darwin, or his theories, it is not unlikely that they, too, may regard the incident as an instance of natural selection.
In his work on Darwin gives the following definition of the term natural selection. In his work on "The Origin of Species" Darwin gives the following definition of the term "natural selection":
"Let it be borne in mind how infinitely complex and close-fitting are the mutual relations of all organic beings to each and to their physical conditions of life. Can it then be thought improbable, seeing that variations useful to man have undoubtedly occurred, that other variations useful in some way to each being in the great and complex battle of life should sometimes occur in the course of thousands of generations? If such do occur, can we doubt (remembering many more individuals are than possibly survive) that individuals having an advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and of procreating their kind? On the other hand, we may feel that any variation in the least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed. This preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection.["]
1872 "Politischer Darwinismus." (Political Darwinism). By 'Laci.v.F' László von Frecskay. Die Bombe (14 September): 228. The politics of France evolves from revolutionary to royal.
1872 "CHRISTMAS CRACKERS." … "THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS". Fun (21 December): 261. Readers would recognise the reference to Darwin's recently published book The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Text PDF This caricature is mentioned in Jonathan Smith, Charles Darwin and Victorian visual culture. Cambridge, 2006.
1875 Max Klinger, 'Darwinian Theory', pen and ink, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Kupferstichkabinett.
1872 "Brown sees and seizes (for his sketch-book) a family likeness. A point for Darwin, but hard on Jones" Toby (Richard Doyle, 1824-183), The American tour of Messrs Brown, Jones and Robinson. New York: D. Appleton, p. 9.
1872 "Das Pianino in seiner Entwicklung nach Darwin." (The evolution of the piano according to Darwin). By Adolf Oberländer. Fliegende Blätter 56, no. 1390, p. 80. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) See the later series of similar transformations in Fliegende Blätter in 1878-9. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) Reprinted in USA, see copy in New York Public Library.
1872 "Entwickelungen nach Darwin's Theorie." (Developments according to Darwin's theory.) Fliegende Blätter 56, 1400, p. 160. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) Compare with similar metamorphosis sequences in Fliegende Blätter in 1878-1879.
1872 "Umgekehrter Darwinismus. | Wenn Darwin's Theorie von der Entwicklung der Organismen richtig ist, so muss nach dem allgemeinen Kreislauf der Dinge das Organische wieder in's Unorganische sich zurückentwickeln. Einen Beitrag zur Lösung dieser Frage möge die nachstehende Abbildung geben. | Ein gewöhnliches Taschenmesser mit geöffneten Klingern. Die unverkennbare Aehnblichkeit lässt an der Annahme eine Abstammung des Letzteren von dem Ersteren Zweifel zu." (Reversed Darwinism. If Darwin's theory of the development of organisms is true, so must in the course of things the organic should develop itself back into the inorganic…) Fliegende Blätter 57, 1421, p. 120. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1872 "London: a Pilgrimage" by Blanchard Jerrold and Gustave Doré. The gaping human visitors seen from inside the Monkey House, in the Zoological Gardens, London, appear rather monkey-like themselves. This was only a year after Darwin's Descent of man was published.
1872 "A THOROUGH BELIEVER IN DARWINISM, SPIRITISM AND AFFINITY." Melbourne Punch (26 December): 4. (TROVE)
c.1890s Merchant's Gargling Oil card. An ape holding bottle, reading "IF I AM DARWIN'S GRANDPAPA, IT FOLLOWS DON'T YOU SEE, THAT WHAT IS GOOD FOR MAN AND BEAST, IS DOUBLY GOOD FOR ME." (Uncoloured example courtesy of Case Western Stecher collection) Version 2 American Trade Card. The Courier Uth. Co. Buffalo, N.Y. The identical advert on the verso of this card is found printed in 1873 American magazines. Variant 3 has $1000 reward for proof for a better liniment and offering other products.
c.1873 The back cover of the Merchant's Gargling Oil Songster, a booklet with songs and advertising.
c.1870s Merchant's Gargling Oil. An ape pouring liniment oil, reading "For Man and Beast" and poem reading "If I am Darwin's grandpapa, it follows don't you see, that what is good for man and beast, is doubly good for me." Version 1 of American advertising card. On card verso: "Pruyne's Champion Oil Paste for Harness, Carriage Tops, Boots, Shoes, &c. Price, 25 and 50 cents per box. Address all order to Norwich Oil Paste, Co., Norwick, N.Y."
1873 Two orangutans look at a book 'The Darwinian doctrine' pen and watercolour by August Allebé. (Amsterdam Historical Museum)
1873 "Mixed Education in England. ALL RELIGIONS TAUGHT HERE." The Irish Star, and Catholic Weekly Record (Dublin) 3 (25 January): 1. "Strass and Darwinian Class next." David Strauss wrote the infamous biography of the historical Jesus and "Darwinian Class" is also referred to as a "RELIGION" taught in England. So the cartoonist sees these as dangerous alternatives to Catholicism.
1873 "Man and the monkey. A Darwinian ditty, sung in the character of 'Lord Dundreary'." Cover by Alfred Concanen. Music by Howard Paul. Illustrated music cover. London: Metzler & Co. (British Library)
1873 "'BAFFLED SIENCE SLOW RETIRES.' | Scene — Conversazione of the Therebihangsatailogical Society. | Dr Fossil. 'You observe, like the Os Calcis, there is a projection here of the—' | Lady Listener (eager with demonstration). 'That shows we cannot have been monkeys, Dr Fossil; because in real people that part is the funny bone.' | Military Escort (with evidently clear view of the theory). 'Very true. I think it's absurd, you know, to imagine that—aw—fellah could ever have been a man—arm is much too long to hold a gun properly; proves it, beyond a doubt—aw!' (Exit Dr Fossil, a sadder if not a wiser man." By Wallis Mackay. Punch 64 (4 January): 10. Dr Fossil, an evolutionist, coming up against an interested couple's misguided views, at an anthropological society meeting. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1873 "EXACTLY SO! | Our friend Charley:—'Have you read Darwin's book, Miss Glibbons? | Miss G.:— 'Oh, yes.' | Charley:— 'And—ah—what do you think of it?' | Miss G. (who may have been asked the same question before):— 'I think it a very exhaustive treatise upon the indeterminate modifications in which the sensibilities of human nature are involved!' | (Charley is rather sorry he spoke." Fun 18 (26 January): 44. This caricature is discussed in Jonathan Smith, Charles Darwin and Victorian visual culture. Cambridge, 2006, p. 22 who describes it as "a dig at both intellectual women and vapid men."
1873 "ANOTHER DARWINISM. | Old Pecky. How well he does talk! And, 'pon my soul, if it wasn't for the creature's beak, he'd look almost human." Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal (5 February): 154.
1873 "VALENTINE VARIETIES." … "Small Illustration Accidentally omitted in Mr Darwin's book Expressions following the Postman's Visit." Fun (15 February): 68. Poking fun at Darwin's recently published The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Text PDF This caricature is discussed in Jonathan Smith, Charles Darwin and Victorian visual culture. Cambridge, 2006, p. 22.
1873 "VALENTINES, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL." Fun (15 February): [73-74]. The caption reads: "11. To Dr. D——n." This caricature is discussed in Jonathan Smith, Charles Darwin and Victorian Visual Culture. Cambridge, 2006, p. 22. McGill-CA-OSLER0-P110[.86] Note the copy of On the Expression of the emotions in the enlargement above.
1873 "DARWINIAN LINKS!" Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal 13 (14 May): 32.
1873 "THE DESCENT OF MAN. | Figurative Party. 'SO LONG AS I AM A MAN, SORR, WHAT DOES IT MATTHER TO ME WHETHER ME GREAT-GRANDFATHER WAS AN ANTHROPOID APE OR NOT, SORR!' Literal Party. 'Haw! WATHER DISAGWEEABLE FOR YOUR GWATE GWAND-MOTHER, WASN'T IT?'" Punch 64 (24 May): 217. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1873 "THE DESCENT OF MAN. | Figurative Party. 'SO LONG AS I AM A MAN, SORR, WHAT DOES IT MATTHER TO ME WHETHER ME GREAT-GRANDFATHER WAS AN ANTHROPOID APE OR NOT, SORR!' Literal Party. replies 'Haw! WATHER DISAGWEEABLE FOR YOUR GWATE GWAND-MOTHER, WASN'T IT?'" Judy (9 July): 113.
Mardi Gras of 1873
1873 "NEW ORLEANS.—MARDI-GRAS, 1873.—'YE MYSTICK KREWE OF COMUS.'—FROM A SKETCH BY C. W. Y." Canadian Illustrated News 7(12) (22 March): 181. (Canadiana)
The Mystick Krewe of Comus was one of the oldest groups presenting floats at Mardi Gras. Comus was the ancient Greek's god of festivity and revels. In 1873, after the publication of Darwin's Descent of man, they created their costumes and floats in an extravagant and comical anti-evolution and racist theme titled "Missing Links to Darwin's Origin of Species" visible on the front pedestal. Behind come banners clearly reading Zoophytes and Mollusca, with others partially obscured but discernable as Sponges, Coral, Crustaceans and Amphibia. Some of these organizations had ties to white supremacy groups and the 1873 theme not only opposed evolution but Reconstruction reforms occurring in the South at this time. Much of what the Mystick Krewe objected to was their understanding of evolution as primitive and inferior beings evolving up to the place of 'superior' beings. This was demonstrated after the parade with two tableaus on stage. See Joseph Roach, Carnival and the Law in New Orleans. Drama Review 37(3) (1993): 42-75 and the article by Leeanna Keith https://64parishes.org/entry/1873-comus-parade
1873 "MARDI GRAS IN NEW ORLEANS—GRAND TABLEAU OF THE 'MISTICK KREWE.'—(See Page 247.)" Harper's Weekly 17(848) (29 March): 244. On page 247 the event is described:
"The procession, whimsically termed the 'Mistick Krewe of Comus,' represented in grotesque masquerade the 'missing links' of the Darwinian theory of the origin of species, and was irresistibly laughable. It was followed by a grand ball at the St. Charles Theatre, in which these masqueraders took part. Previous to the dancing two striking tableaux were displayed on the stage. The first rising of the curtain revealed a scene at the bottom of the sea. On the smooth ocean floor the grotesque, the horrid, and the beautiful appeared in stranger contrast than they are ever revealed to the submarine diver. The Anemone's beautiful form was blossoming beside the Sponge; the snowy Coral reached upward with its branching arms from where the Alligator lay; the Snail was paying court to the glittering Periwinkle, the Dolphin was gamboling, the Crabs protesting, the Shark and Whale were holding council. It was a scene of universal subaqueous courtship. The Nettles were interchanging stinging kisses, and the Seal and Walrus, with other competitors were suing in vain the lovely Mermaid. She, on a rock, just lifted waist-high above the tide, awaited a higher destiny, a better match.
When the curtain rose on the second tableau the Gorilla had just been crowned, and was seated on his throne under a dais, with Queen Chacona on his right, and Orang, the Premier, on his left. On either side of the broad ascent to the throne the animal and vegetable world were crowding toward the royal presence, each in the order of his rank, the 'Toilers of the Sea' kneeling in loyal awe upon the pavement below. In the midst of the stair were three musicians — the Grasshopper with fiddle and bow, the Locust with his rattle, and the Beetle with his hammer. A pedestal on either hand bore the statuesque forms of the Baboon and the Marikina.
In front of the stage stood a regal figure, that of Comus himself, in 'human form divine,' presenting a startling contrast to the throng of 'missing links' behind. For a moment the tableau was presented to the admiring gaze of the great audience, then the curtain descended, and the ball opened. It is this second tableau which is represented in our picture on page 244. [above]"
1873 [Mystick Krewe of] Comus, The Missing Links to Darwin's Origin of Species. 37pp. (Library of Congress.)
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Ass [representing Darwin] |
Alligator |
Bat |
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Coral Polyp |
Grasshopper |
Fly |
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Spider |
Scorpion |
Beetle |
1873 Over 100 themed costumes were created for this Mardi Gras — some anti-evolutionary, many racist, and others lampooning people of note including political figures involved in Reconstruction. Nine biologically themed examples are shown here including the Ass shown in the earlier tableau that is supposedly of Charles Darwin according to Roach (1993). By Swedish lithographer, Charles Briton, (Carnival Collection, Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University).
1874 "THE HORSE OF THE FUTURE. | (DEDICATED TO ADMIRAL ROUS.) | COMMUNICATIVE NIMROD (TO STOUT PARTY ON FUTURE COB.) 'O, CAPITAL RUN! FOX BROKE COVER NEAR SOUTH MOLTON, IN NORTH DEVEN; TOOK US RIGHT THROUGH SOMERSETSHIRE AND GLOUCESTERSCHIRE INTO OXFORDSHIRE WITHOUT A SINGLE CHECK; KILLED Three Miles From Chipping Norton, And Here We Are! SPLENDID FOX!—ONE OF SIR HUXLEY SPENCER DARWIN'S BREEDING, AND MUST HAVE STOOD OVER THREE FEET HIGH!'" By George du Maurier. Punch (7 March): 97. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1874 "GORILLA AUSTRALIENSIS." Sydney Punch (20 March): 1. (TROVE) A racist cartoon putting the gorilla as the "missing link" below Australian "aboriginals".
1874 "Budapest. | Das Darwin-Monument auf dem Christoplatze." (The Darwin monument at Christoplatz.) Die Bombe 28 (12 July): 3. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1874 "THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES. | There is a legend of yore, over which one might pore, | That all the first babies were born of a flower, | That Caesars and Catos were dug like potatoes, | Or dropped from the branches like juicy tomatoes.'" Verses from the comic poem The Goblin snob by Henry L. Stephens (1850?). Lithograph by Currier & Ives, New York. (Library of Congress)
1874 "Too Thin. Or, Darwin's Little Joke. A humorous Song." Words by Grace Carleton, music by "O' Rangoutang." (Sheridan Library, Johns Hopkins University) Betty Smocovitis describes this perfectly: "The title page to the sheet music features a group of monkeys encircling a figure resembling Abraham Lincoln, who appears to be kneeling in prayer (Lincoln, it will be recalled, was often called a monkey in the popular press). In the background, another group of monkeys seems to be marching with what look like clubs and weapons. Off to the side is a caricatured African‐American male, dressed in a ruffled shirt, cutaway tails, and striped pants that resemble those worn by 'Uncle Sam'—but he is without shoes. He is holding hands with, or extending his hands to, a larger chimp‐like creature of ambiguous gender, likely a female. As well as making apes of African Americans and Irish Americans and raising fears about immigrant hordes, the melding of racial and gendered messages, so clearly represented in this illustration, reveals much about post–Civil War American attitudes to emancipation and dreams of racial and ethnic equality. The lyrics reflect themes common in most of the songs and caricatures of Darwin and his theory: frequent plays on lower forms of life and on the relationship of humans to monkeys and the outright rejection—in humorous form—of "civilized man's" belief in Darwin's theory of descent with modification (see Appendix 1 for the lyrics)." Smocovitis, Singing his praises: Darwin and his theory in song and musical production. Isis 100, 3 (2009): 590-614.
1874 "IN MEMORIAM. | 'The Chimpanzee of the Zoological Gardens is dead!'—Times, March 21, 1874." Punch 66 (4 April): 141.
Ledger Author: Tom Taylor. A Victorian gentleman is shocked that the chimpanzee claims to be a relative. Darwin's particular grief at the death of the zoo chimpanzee is mentioned in the poem. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
c.1874 "SHOULD AULD ACQUAINTANCE BE FORGOT?" says an upright ape to an indignant looking gentleman. The drawing is copied from Punch above. On verso: "DARWINIAN MATCHES. | THE MISSING LINK" A man casts an ape-like shadow. Match box by J. Sankey, Manchester.
1874 "Zum Darwinismus. | A.: '…aber ich bitte Sie, welchen Beweis haben Sie denn, dass Mensch vom Affen abstammt?' B.: 'Sie.'" By Emanuel Spitzer. Fliegende Blätter 61, 1529, p. 148 (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) (On Darwinism. …'I beg you, what proof do you have that humans are descended from apes?' 'You')
1874 "Zweifelloser Darwininismus. | Vater: 'Ob ich selbst von einem Affen abstamme, weiss ich nicht, dass aber ein Paar Affen von mir abstammen, das weiss ich gewiss, wenn ich Euch anschaue!" By Emanuel Spitzer. Fliegende Blätter 60, 1489, p. 40. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1875 "Beitrag zur Entwicklungs-Geschichte des Fischreihers (Ardea cinerea). | Ein Beleg für die Lehre Darwins von der Abänderung der Arten durch vermehrten Gebrauch und Nichtgebrauch einzelner Organe." By Eduard Ille. Fliegende Blätter 63, 1583, p. 167. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) (Contribution to the evolutionary history of the heron (Ardea cinerea). | Evidence of Darwin's theory of the modification of species through increased use and disuse of individual organs.)
1875 "SOMETHING LIKE A SCEPTIC." Fun (20 February).
"Jones:—'There's always something new. The Valentine makers are actually following Darwin now.' | Brown:— 'Nonsense!' | Jones:—'It's true. Out of half-a-dozen Valentines I got yesterday, no less than five had some reference to the theory of man's descent from monkeys. Blowed if I believe it, though.'" The conversation pokes fun at the influence of Darwin's recently published Descent of man. The joke is that the man is getting hints that he looks like a monkey but does not realise the insult.
1875 "A LECTURE WITHOUT WORDS; SINGULAR EFFECT OF OPTICAL LAWS ON OUR DARWINIAN PROFESSOR." New York Graphic (9 July).
1875 "DARWINIAN." Funny Folks: A Weekly Budget of Funny Pictures, Funny Notes, Funny Jokes, and Funny Stories 3(31) (10 July). Famous persons or character types are recognisable in the shadows of the animals whose nature they are said to possess.
1875 "THE HOUSE AND THE HOME: OR, HINTS TOWARDS A GRAMMAR OF DECORATIVE ART." Punch 69 (27 November): 219. This image is described as "Male attire is unbecoming, and becoming more unbecoming every day. As to evening dress, had we all, unquestioningly, accepted the theories of MR. DARWIN, we could not have done more to illustrate our hereditary deficiency than we have done in putting on tails. Not one tail each, which would savour at all events of some sort of sense, but two tails apiece. For my part, so disgusted am I with this imbecility, that, when forced by the requirements of my friends to dine out, I have a coat with only one tail. It is more ornamental, and more graceful, simply because it is more in accordance with the dictates of nature." (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1876 Front cover of Francis Orpen Morris, All the articles of the Darwin faith. London: Moffatt, Paige, & Co. (Wellcome Collection) (The 1875 printing was in Darwin's library)
1876 "L'OM-SIMIA" EVOLUZIONISMO Comedy Calendar that jokes on the Darwiniana theory on the evolution of the man from the monkey. The text of the lunario is in Lombardic dialect: 'OM-simia a large one congress in Africa. The Unari for ann bisestil the 1876' Parma, printing office Donated 1875.
1876 "Leo loquitor. [Latin: I speak fluently] | Monkeys and men! Darwin must sure have leisure | For work of purest supererogation, | When he spends time bringing rule and measure | The upward steps, or downward, in creation, | Between the human and the simian kind: | That one's in cages and the one out I find. | To other different 'twixt them I am blind." … By Linley Sambourne. Punch 70 (29 January): 21. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1876 "IT'S A WISE CHILD THAT KNOWS ITS OWN FATHER. | Old Mr. Baboon (a decided Disciple of the Darwinian theory): You know Fanny, my girl, the clever people who write the books say that animals, especially monkeys, are very like human beings. Now, whom do you think that one's like | Young Monkey (a very apt Scholar): 'Why, I declare,—it's just like you, Pa!'" Sydney Punch (2 June): 4. (TROVE)
1876 "'MR. DARWIN WILL PLEASE COPY.'" Signed Walter Scott Hersee. Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News (7 October): 31. The letter is a joke and the drawing was copied from one of the many imitations of the original by the prolific French caricaturist and artist Grandville (Jean Ignace Isidore Gerard), this one being Têtes d'hommes et d'animaux comparées (Heads of man and animals compared.) Le Magasin Pittoresque 34, 1844. See Patricia Mainardi, Grandville, Visions, and Dreams.
1876 "'THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE.' | Darwinian Coster (to thrifty Housewife). 'WELL, FISH IS DEAR, MUM; YOU SEE IT'S A GETTING' WERY SCA'CE IN CONSEKENCE O' THESE 'ERE AQUERIUNS." Punch 71 (4 November): 187. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1876 "DARWINIAN. | Elder Sister (wishing to show of her small Brother's Accomplishments). 'NOW, JACK, WHO WAS THE FIRST MAN?'| Jack. 'ADAM!' Elder Sister. 'QUITE RIGHT! AND WHERE DID HE LIVE?'| Jack (who has notions of his own about an earthly Paradise). 'IN THE Z'LOGICAL GARDENS!'" [i.e. the London Zoo] By George Du Maurier. Punch 71 (25 November): 228. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1876 "A DISTINGUISHED ANCESTOR." Signed A Leutemem? The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News (11 March): 592.
1876 "WHAT IT MAY COME TO. | BEING THE DOCTRINE OF DEVELOPMENT FROM A NEW POINT OF VIEW. | (A Dramatic Fragment of the Future.) Punch (2 December): 243. "Why, the other day I was shown some fragments of a preposterous topsy-turvy pseudo scientist, - name, i think, BARWIN, or something like it - who seems, indeed to have stumbled in a blind way upon the tract of the great doctrine of Development". (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1877 "THE VENDETTA." Fun (4 April): 130. The common trope of the organ grinder made to take the place of his performing monkey.
1877 "REFLECTIONS ON THE GORILLA." Punch 73 (4 August): 41. Ledger Author: Tom Taylor. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1877 "AN ILLUSTRATION OF DARWINISM. | WITHOUT USE, AN ORGAN DWINDLES; WITH USE IT INCREASES. FOR INSTANCE, THE ORGAN OF A GRINDER WHO, IN THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE, RELIES ENTIRELY ON HIS INSTRUMENT, IS INVARIABLY LARGER THAN THAT OF THE GRINDER WHO, IN ADDITION, USES A MONKEY. MOST OF OUR READERS MUST HAVE NOTICED THIS." On right is organ and monkey with normal size organ and on the left is an organ grinder with giant organ and no monkey. By George Du Maurier. Punch (15 December): 275. McGill-CA-OSLER0-P110[.88] (Reprinted in New York Graphic (10 April 1878).)
1877 "THE DESCENT OF MAN." The Illustrated Wasp 2 (Aug.-Dec.): 310.
c.1877 "AM I NOT A MAN AND A BROTHER. You'd take Master Pongo to be you're twin brother, For he's a gorilla, and you are another, Go and ask Mr. Darwin, and hear what he'll say, And we'll talk more about it on Valentine's day." The man looks at a poster reading: "PONGO THE ONLY LIVING GORILLA? A LECTURE BY Mr DARWIN ON THE ORIGIN OF MAN." Undated and unidentified racist poem comparing a gorilla to a clearly identifiable but simianized Irish man.
Pongo' was a gorilla who captivated European audiences until and even after his death in November 1877. He arrived in Britain in 1876 and the spectacle of a living gorilla, so human-like, just at the time that Darwin's work on human descent from other primates was being much discussed, led to many more caricatures of Pongo than there would have been otherwise.
1877 "MR. PONGO ON 'THE SITUATION.' | Mr. P.—'WELL, IF THAT'S THE DEVELOPMENT OF MY SPECIES, I'M PRECIOUS GLAD I'M STILL A GORILLA.'" Fun (13 September): 111. In the background simianized Irish clamour about home rule for Ireland. On the floor in front of Pongo is an open book "DARWIN DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES". This is the famous captive gorilla named Pongo. The archaic term Pongo, now only used of the orangutan, was also used for the gorilla at this time. The quote by the gorilla is a disparaging remark toward Irish support for home rule. 'Development' was an alternative term for 'evolution' at the time.
1878 "'DARWINIAN.' | Our Village Grocer (great Floriculturist). ' Most extr'or'nary thing, Sir. Last Year I had some Bacon in my Shop that went bad durin' that hot Weather, and I buried it in my garden. You'll hardly believe it, but all my Asters this Season come up Streaky!!'" Punch 75 (28 September): 133. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1877 "A QUESTION FOR DARWIN. | Professor—'How long can a person live without brains?'/ Country Lout—'I never learnt that to school, Sir. How old are you, Sir? Mebbe you know how it is yourself.'" Frank Leslie's Chimney Corner 26, 652, (24 November): 32. (Falvey Library, Villanova University)
(Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1877 "GREAT INTERNATIONAL QUADRUMANOUS CONGRESS. | (From our special correspondent)." By Linley Sambourne. Punch 73 (1 December): 242-244. Ledger Author: Tom Taylor. Quadrumana is an archaic term for non-human primates. The text reports the central presiding ape as a gorilla but looking more like a jovial orangutan who holds a paper reading "The Times Cambridge University election of Prof. Darwin Doctor of Law". This refers to the honorary doctorate Darwin received from the University of Cambridge in 1877. The tongue-in-cheek report continues for three pages:
"WE have received a telegraphic Report of proceedings at the Session of the Great International Congress of Quadrumana, which has been assembled for some days past at the Central Sacred Grove, in the island of Ceylon.
The Congress sits in an open area in the precincts of the principal temple, partly shaded by a large mangrove, the fork of which forms the Presidential chair. A couple of fallen palms serve as table and bar, and other trees form a convenient gallery around.
The members are grouped according to geographical seniority. The Anthropoid Apes, or Apestocracy, occupy the extreme right, head the Monkeys of the Old World. The Platyrhine Section, of New World Monkeys, are grouped on the left; and the Australian Lemurs occupy the gallery behind the bar. Honourable Members speak from their respective trees.
On the opening day, the members of the Congress arrived, en masse, with great rapidity. The largest Gorilla swung himself into the chair, with the brief inaugural speech—'By right of my majority here I am, and here I stay. If there is a bigger monkey, let him turn me out.' The Silky Tamarin was named Secretary, as junior, or smallest, member present. He took his seat on a branch above the President, carefully removing his tail from within reach of that dignitary.
The President said he proposed that they should commence the business of the Congress by a vote of respect and regret to the memory of one of his own family, Pongo, the first Gorilla who had exposed himself, in the cause of discovery, science, and philanthropy, to the dangers of missionary enterprise in Europe, and had paid for his devotion with his life. Not satisfied with labouring in Germany, he had extended his efforts to London, and had succumbed to his labours in that benighted and befogged metropolis soon after his return to Berlin.
The vote was passed in solemn silence.
The Green Monkey, the Marmoset, the Cercocebus, and the Semnopithcus, as returned (or escaped) missionary delegates to England, Italy, France, and Germany, sat at the base of the President's tree. Their worn, sorrowful, and highly-civilised aspect contrasted with the genuine hilarity of the members, who were all dressed in their new winter coats.
The Barbary Ape said that for the first time he felt proud of the appellation of English Monkey. From the report of their missionary delegates he thought that great hopes might be entertained of their poor human brethren.
The Chimpanzee rose to order. He could not allow the term "brother" to apply to any but his fellow-countrymen, the Negroes. Were colour and physiognomy to go for nothing?
The Silky Tamarin suggested. "Poor hairless relatives."
The Proboscis Monkey said — "Not absolutely hairless. Say fallen relatives— they admitted the fall." (General groans of assent.)
The Barbary Ape — "The fall was proved by their inhabiting the earth, instead of living in trees. Owing to this, their hind hands had become so disfigured as to become almost useless, and they were obliged to conceal them." (Howls.) "Then the use of animal food caused the mixture of gravity and stupidity which distinguished them"—
A Voice from the left— "Monkeys who had lost their tails. (Howls. Cries of "Order !")
The Cynooephalus — "If the Left cannot respect the Right, let it at all events respect the Chair!"
At this point the meeting was thrown into great excitement by the arrival of a telegram, dated "Senate House, Cambridge," announcing the honour paid to the Anthropoid family in the person of their great rehabilitator, CHARLES DARWIN — now D.C.L., Cantab.
The Chairman, in reading the telegram, expressed his regret that the Quadruman family had not been more directly represented on the occasion, than in the person of the effigy of one of their race in the costume of an Undergraduate. He hoped the time was not far distant when the Quadrumana would have, if not a University, a College of their own, like the Ladies and the Ritualists. In the meantime he thought the meeting would recognise in the act of the Cambridge Undergraduates a touching move in the direction of fraternisation, and a sign of that surest kind of elevation which comes by degrees.
The business of the Congress was then resumed by The Barbary Ape, who maintained "A common descent had now been generally admitted. That was one point. A strong protest had been made in favour of a return to vegetable diet — that was another. Anglican religious rites, again, were now performed with gesticulations such as were used by the Quadrumana. And the love of unbroken leisure, of which the wilderness was naturally so proud, had been lately so far developed by the great majority of the poor English Bimana, that they were rapidly reverting to the natural condition.
The Spider Monkey had heard that acrobatism was now made a compulsory part of human education. He referred to ZAZEL, as a graceful illustration. Though far inferior in skill to the Monkey, her evolutions might be pronounced wonderful for man — still more for woman. He had heard from a friend who accompanied an organ-grind (The speaker was interrupted by loud and continued howling. After suspending himself for a moment by his tail, he joined the chorus.)
The Dourocouli (who was wakened by the excitement) moved "That this Congress do now adnoct." The motion, finding no seconder, fell to the ground, and the Hon. Member fell asleep again.
The Rib-nosed Baboon thought they had better leave men alone. Suppose they became so advanced as to return to Eden, there would be no room for them there, and then they would invade their forests. (Loud howls.)
The Horned Sapojou thought that the travelled Monkeys had better now return to Europe. (Loud gibbers of dissent from the Delegates.) As to organ-grinders — (The tumult here baffled description, amid which)
The Cheiropit, who appeared at the bar, was understood to present a remonstrance on the part of the Bears as to any discussion without the participation of representatives of their race. Their interests were akin: they were as distant from ordinary quadrupeds as were the Quadrumana; they shared the one great peculiarity of the Anthropoidae, whether quadrumane or bimane and after the precedent set in the case of the quad—
Here a large Bear suddenly appeared at the bar, and the assembly instantly dispersed. The proceedings, amid loud noises, were adnocted sine nocte."
1870s? Undated "PLATT'S PROTOPLASM | OR | DARWIN'S ORIGINAL MAN, THE OYSTER." Clay, Coach and Co., New York. Trade cards such as this racist example were common advertising oysters from Chesapeake Bay. This example is from the Platt & Co. in Baltimore.
1870s? "WAGNER. Darwinian Theory of Evolution | How Roof Wagele, Shofarblower in Leipzig, gradually turned into Richard Wagner ' By Theodor Zajacskowski. Der Floh. Suggesting Wagner had Jewish ancestry. Anti-Semitism.
1880s-1890s (adverts show the company was active then) "THAT BEATS DARWIN ALL HOLLOW | BUT I DON'T WONDER SUCH A PEERLESS SHINE. | FRANK MILLER'S SHOE BLACKINGS." New York: Wimple & Co. A monkey uses shiny boot as a shaving mirror. (The Friedman Lab, Harvard University)
1890s? "A jolly Christmas may yours be. | The Scientist asserts as twere an oath, Man's but a monkey of later growth, Here is the clue—or, rather say, the CUE— The Monkey is a man, dear friend, like you. I won't make 'game' be yours the winning stroke. My merry greeting! May you take the joke!"
1890s? "A jolly Christmas | To think that some philosophers assert These our relations- well! I never! I'm not surprised that you should feel hurt For really they look much too clever!" Leipzig.
c.1890s "MISSING LINK C. HUTCHINS CIGAR CO." OHIO.
c.1890s? "Fader is you a Darwinian, 'scended from a monkey. Dat may be de case wid you, but not me, my son." By Arthur Burdett Frost (1851-1928). 'Drawing shows racist caricature of an African American boy seated on a plow as his father stands holding a jug.' This looks like a child's drawing so is probably earlier. (Library of Congress)
1878 "THE COMPLETE VEGETABLE MORALIST. No. I.— ESSAY ON THE GOOSEBERRY." Fun (8 May): 190. "The theory of evolution leaves us no room to doubt that all animal life is evolved from the vegetable. … Like the Descent of Man, the Descent of Goose has been a Fall—a melancholy fall from original Gooseberry."
1878 "MISAPPREHENSION. | Mary Jane (indignant). 'COME ALONG, 'LIZA. DON'T STAND LOOKING AT THAT—WHICH I CALL IT SHAMEFUL O' THEM PREFANE DARWINITES! I DON'T BELIEVE IT'S A BIT LIKE HER!' (Dedicated to Hanging Committees.)" Punch 74 (4 May): 195. A poster about 'Adam and Eve' is mistaken for one showing an ape at the Royal Aquarium next to it. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1878 "Grace à M. Darwin, la recherche de la paternité n'est plus interdite." (Thanks to M. Darwin, inquiring into one's paternity is no longer forbidden) By French caricaturist 'Cham' Charles Amédée de Noé (1818-1879). Le Charivari. Reprinted in Douze années comiques par Cham: 1868-1879. Paris, 1884, p. 331 and Richard Kendell, 'Monet and the monkeys: the Impressionist encounter with Darwinism', in Donald and Munro eds., Endless forms, 2009, p. 294.
1878 "NATURAL SELECTION." Punch 74 (1 June): 244. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1878 "'DARWINIAN.' | Our Village Grocer (great Floriculturist). 'MOST EXTR'OR'NARY THING, SIR. LAST YEAR I HAD SOME BACON IN MY SHOP THAT WENT BAD DURIN' THAT HOT WEATHER, AND I BURIED IT IN MY GARDEN. YOU'LL HARDLY BELIEVE IT, BUT ALL MY ASTERS THIS SEASON COME UP STREAKY!!" By Charles Keene. Punch 75 (28 September): 133. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1878 "DARWININAN MOMENT — SELECTION OF THE FITTEST!" By Edward Linley Sambourne. Punch (1 October): 170. (see the Victorian Web) (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1878 "THE NEW PANIER FASHION. | The attention of Dr. Darwin is called to the new fashion-development—the pocket has gown into the side-pannier, which will be the winter wear. Cannot this asinine fashion be utilized to supplant the use of the perambulator, and so make the pavement once more available for pedestrians?" Funny Folks 4, 203 (19 October): 332.
1878 "THE APES CONVENTION." Judy (4 December): 224.
[1879] "SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!! | PEERLESS | 'DARWINISM ILLUSTRATED.'" Advert card for Peerless Clothes Wringers, Buffalo, New York. The caricature of a man as clothes wringer stands at the top of numerous competitors- hence the claim of 'fittest'.
1879 "THE EVOLUTION OF HAMLET. | A DARWINIAN STUDY IN IMPERSONATIONS OF SHAKESPEAR'S PHILOSOPHIC PRINCE." Funny Folks: A Weekly Budget of Funny Pictures, Funny Notes, Funny Jokes, and Funny Stories 5(218) (1 February).
1879 "Etwas nach Darwin. | Wie sich aus der Rübe der Vegetarianer entwickelt hat." (Something according to Darwin. How the vegetarian evolved from the turnip.) Der Floh (21 December): 5. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1879 "What may happen if small boys play Leap-frog too much in the Spring." Boy's Own Paper 1: 224. (SciPer Project)
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1878 "Die Entwickelung des Ingenieurs nach Darwin." By Hans Schliessmann. Fliegende Blätter 69, 1741, p. 182. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) |
1879 "Nach Darwin. | Entwicklung des Bauern mit seinem Schwein aus einer Saubohne" By Hans Schliessmann. Fliegende Blätter 70, 1753, p. 70. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) |
1879 "Nach Darwin. | Entwicklung des Badfisches aus einem Badfisch" Fliegende Blätter 70, 1757, p. 104. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) |
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1879 "Nach Darwin. | Entwicklung des Stutzers aus der Locomotive." By Hans Schliessmann. Fliegende Blätter 70, 1762, p. 142. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) |
1879 "Nach Darwin. | Entwicklung eines Studenten aus eine Tabakspfeiffe." (The development of a student out of a tobacco pipe.) By Hans Schliessmann. Fliegende Blätter 70, 1765, p. 166. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) |
1880 "Beitrag zum Darwinismus." By Ludwig Nagel. Fliegende Blätter 72, 1797, p. 8 (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) |
1879 "Nach Darwin. | Entwicklung des Künstlers aus Pinsel und Farbentopf." (Evolution of an artist from brush and paint pot.) Fliegende Blätter, 71.
Compare these with: 1872 "Entwickelungen nach Darwin's Theorie." Fliegende Blätter 56, 1400, p. 160. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1879 "A WET WORLD, MY MASTERS!" By Linley Sambourne. Punch 76 (19 July): 15. "How long, O sapient DARWIN, Will this development demand, sold chance That Man may 'midst the elemental war win Security from pluvial circumstance?" Ledger Author Edwin James Milliken. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1880 "Le nouveau sénateur inamovible Broca, à la tribune, donnera désormais l'exemple d'une attitude en rapport avec ses théories…" (The new permanent senator [Paul] Broca, on the platform, will now give the example of an attitude in relation to his theories [on evolution according to Darwin]). By J. Blass. Le Triboulet (15 February): 9.
1880 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY. | Miss Jones.—Professor Griddle, do you dare to look me in the face, and then say that I originally sprang from a monkey? Professor Griddle (a little taken aback, but equal to the occasion).—'Well, really, it must have been a very charming monkey!'" Harper's Bazaar (May). This caption appeared under a different image in 1890.
1880 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY ILLUSTRATED. | A character sketch on an East side wharf during warm weather." Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (New York) (12 June).
1880 "THAT HABIT OF CIRCUMNUTATION. | Mr. Darwin, in his 'Movements of Plants,' has omitted to state that trees find it impossible to drop their habit of rotary wagging, even when cut down and manufactured." Fun (7 July): 7. Poking fun at Darwin's recently published The power of movement in plants. Text PDF
1880 "THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST. | OUR PROPHETIC INSTINCT ENABLES US TO FORESEE THAT THE BRITISH ARISTOCRACY OF THE FUTURE WILL CONSIST OF TWO DISTINCT PARTIES—NOT THE TORIES AND THE WHIGS—BUT THE HANDSOME PEOPLE AND THE CLEVER PEOPLE. THE FORMER WILL BE THE HIGHLY DEVELOPED DESCENDANTS OF THE ATHLETES AND THE BEAUTIES, THE SPLENDID CRICKETERS AND LAWN-TENNIS PLAYERS OF OUR DAY. THE LATTER WILL BE THE OFFSPRING, NOT OF OUR MODERN AESTHETES—OH DEAR NO!—BUT OF TOUGHER AND MORE PROLIFIC RACE, ONE THAT HASTETH NOT, NOR RESTETH; AND FOR WHOM THERE IS GOOD TIME COMING. THE ABOVE DESIGN IS INTENDED TO REPRESENT A FASHIONABLE GATHERING AT LORD ZACHARIAH MOSELY'S, LET US SAY...—IN THE YEAR TWO THOUSAND AND WHATEVER-YOU-LIKE. N.B.—THE HAPPY THOUGHT HAS JUST OCCURRED TO HIS LORDSHIP THAT A FUSION OF THE TWO PARTIES INTO ONE, BY MEANS OF INTERMARRIAGE, WOULD CONDUCE TO THEIR MUTUAL WELFARE AND TO THAT OF THEIR COMMON PROGENY." Punch 78 (24 April): [191]. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1880 "A YOUNG DARWINIAN. | Jack (to his Married Sister). 'Hi! Pollyy!! Look!!! Here's your baby trying to walk on its hind legs!!!!'" By du Maurier. Punch 78 (1 May): 193. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1880 "OUR BOY'S ILLUSTRATION OF THE DARWINIAN THEORY." Our Young Folk's Weekly Budget 17(518) (6 November).
"It is a cat. | 'Tis still a cat. | Is this a cat? | 'Tis not a cat."
1881 "VEGETABLE VAGARIES. | ('Dr. Darwin, in his new work on Plants, shows that they are not inanimate, but indulge in many movements, acting on the impulse of sensation of the moment. Can the horrors of a vegetable revolt ever be over estimated?—Daily Telegraph.)" Funny Folks 7(319) (8 January). Making fun of Darwin's recently published The power of movement in plants. Text PDF
1881 "'NATURAL SELECTION.' | Restaurant Waiter.—Champagne, Ms'r? Ye-es. Vat Brand? Hebraic Customer.—Vell, let it be somethink good: somethink in the 'MO'ET or 'JEW'ET line." Funny Folks 7(366) (3 December). antisemitic .
1881 "A DARWINIAN DARLING! | Young Wife (in confidence to Friend).—Why did I choose the stouter of my two lovers? I will tell you. I am going back to India. In India there are Mosquitoes. But the Mosquito will spare you if you offer him something more plump. Now, as both my Swains swore to die if I did not have them, you will see why I secured 'the survival of the FATTEST!'" Funny Folks 7(350) (13 August).
1881 "THE DEADLY BIPED. | … [last panel:] 4. Curator of Thirtieth Century Museum: 'That's a human tooth. We used to possess 'em, but society enacted their universal extraction. Then, according to Darwinian laws the next generation but one was born without any." Funny Folks 7(359) (15 October).
1881 "THE DARWINIAN WORM THEORY." Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal (26 October): 192. Mr. Darwin's new book was The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. Text PDF
1881 "Adam." As an ape. By Albert Robida. La grande mascarade parisienne, Paris, p. 227. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
1881 "Le savant Poulet-Golard dans son cabinet de travail." (The scientist Poulet-Golard in his study) By Tues & Barret. Albert Robida, La grande mascarade parisienne, Paris, p. 297. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
1882 "HOW FAR IS IT FROM | THIS | TO | THIS? | […] If Mr. Darwin is right in his theory…" Washington Post (22 January). Oscar Wilde being insulted in the strongest possible terms. It has been claimed that Harper's Weekly was the first to depict Wilde as a monkey- this shows not so.
1882 "Grosse Trauer über den Tod Darwin's muss auch unter den Affen herrschen, | welche dem berühmten Gelehrten die Enthüllung verdanken, dass wir Menschen eigentlich von ihnen abstammen sollen." (There must also be great sadness amongst the apes upon Darwin's death, as it is due to the great scholar that the revelation that we are actually descended from them.) Kikeriki (Vienna) (27 April): 2. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
The most detailed account of Darwin's funeral is in Darwin Online here.
1882 "In der Schönbrunner Menagerie. | (Scene im Affenhause.) | Der alte Affe. Darwin ist todt! Beklagen wir den grossen Gelehrten, wie es die Menschen thun, die ihn auch nicht gelesen haben." (In the Schönbrunn Menagerie. (Scene in the monkey house.) The old ape. Darwin is dead! Let us lament the great scholar, as do the people who have not read him.) Der Floh (30 April): 2. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1882 "Eine Bekehrter. | Der große Darwin, von dem der Herr Pospischil inst d'rin im Wirthshaus g'dret hat — hat aber wirklich Recht. Zuerst war an Aff' da, nacher is a Mensche kommen." (A convert | The great Darwin was actually right. Mr. Pospischil was in the pub, first an ape, then out came a man) Der Floh (30 April): 4. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1882 "DEAREST DARWIN, THOU HAST LEFT US AND OUR LOSS WE DO DEPLORE." The Daily Graphic (New York) (26 April): cover.
1882 "Excursion au Salon, — par A. Robida. | CHASE. — Un ancetre. | Commande par Darwin." (…An ancestor. Commissioned by Darwin) By Albert Robida. La Caricature (27 May): 172.
1882 "MODERN LIFE IN LONDON; OR, 'TOM AND JERRY' BACK AGAIN." "…A HUXLEY would have found among them many near relations of the Monkey, and a DARWIN would have espied 'The Missing Link.'" Punch 82 (10 June): 265. The performers at this theatre were considered so bad that Huxley and Darwin would have thought them interesting examples of monkeys or the missing link- i.e. they were so bad they were sub-human. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1882 "Die Entstehung des Malers. | (Nach Darwin.)" (On the origin of painters. According to Darwin.) Der Floh (2 July): 5. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1882 A simian-looking man asking Herr Wopiczka for a contribution to a Darwin memorial. "Who was Darwin?" "A great scholar who said man descends from apes" "What and I should pay something for that? If I thought he meant me I would report it right away to the police as a complaint of insult of honour. … I don't find this funny…!" Figaro (Vienna) (5 August): 7. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1882 "ESSENCE OF PARLIAMENT extracted from the diary of Toby, M.P." Punch 83 (12 August): 64. "J. G. has seen Mr. Parnell stand thus when making a serious speech, and amongst further evidence of early origin that would have delighted the late Mr. DARWIN, Joey B has a great faculty of imitation." W. E. Gladstone is the character on the right. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1882 "A la Darwin. | (Münchner Studie.) | Wie sich der Baier entwickelt hat." (A la Darwin. (Munich study.) How the Bavarian evolved.) Der Floh (Vienna) (8 October): 3. The Bavarian evolved from his characteristic beer tankard and radishes. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1882 "A DRAWING ON THE DEPOSITS AT DRUMMOND'S." Punch (21 October): 181.
1883 (translated from Spanish:) "The Mosquito also wants to congratulate Domingo on his seventy-second birthday and believes he will be filled with happiness by presenting him with the poetic painting of his birth, which takes place in a wild forest in San Juan". Mosquito 20(1050) (18 February). An admiring simian-like male holds up a baby with a decidedly human head as the admiring simian-like mother looks on. The human head is almost certainly that of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811-1888), second president of Argentina. The idea of human descent is only implied here.
1883 "THE EVOLUTION OF THE PROFIT." Life (7 February), anti-Semitic cartoon.
1883 "EVOLUTION IN THE OHIO VALLEY." Life (8 March). The subtitle is: "A Glimpse at Cincinnati Society a Few Centuries Hence." The cartoon is a response to a major flood of the Ohio River at the time that left much of Cincinnati under water." Mark Aldrich, Cartooning Evolution, 1861-1925.
1883 "THE EVOLUTION OF THE 'DUDE.'" By H. C. Buck. Harper's Bazaar (26 May). OED: "A factitious slang term which came into vogue in New York about the beginning of 1883, in connexion with the 'æsthetic' craze of that day. …A name given in ridicule to a man affecting an exaggerated fastidiousness in dress, speech, and deportment, and very particular about what is æsthetically 'good form'; hence, extended to an exquisite, a dandy, 'a swell'."
1883 "A REFUTATION OF DARWINISM. | Dennis (at the Zoo): 'Tim, there's thim that sez, we was all iv us the loike iv that onct; sure I don't belave it.'" Mocking Irish immigrants to the USA. Harper's Weekly (13 October): 655. Reprinted in Queensland Figaro (29 March 1884): 257.
1883 "THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF VALENTINES." Fun (14 February): 65.
1883 "déchéance physique des races trop affinées" (Physical decline of overly refined breeds) Le Vingtième Siècle. La vie électrique image between pp. 152-153, science fiction by the French author Albert Robida predicting the result of selective breeding in humans as it would appear in the 1950s.
1883 "A PAINFUL SUBJECT" Fun (31 January): 49.
1883 James Buchanan Siders, Songs of a pleb, pp. 113-14. "MONKEY-FACES. Darwin says; We sprang from the monkey. Now, that's rather spunky For a flunky— Monkey! He need not try to span such a chasm By means of a protoplasm, Or any Chasm; For we think he takes the wrong basis To make monkey-faces At our races: Basis! As if God had not power, all-seeing, To make the human being, While decreeing: Being! And tis needless for me to mention His book on Descention, Tis invention. Mention! People read and think about it; But are apt to doubt it, Sneer or flout it, Doubt it! If he had said they came from Adam, Or eve, worthy madame, I a had Adam!"
1883 "The Development of the Armed Burglar." Moonshine (22 December).
1883 "Darwinismus bei'm Militär. | Major: 'Aber, Herr Lieutenant, wie stehen Ihre Leute da? Knieschotternd, bucklig, die Bäuche vor, die Finger gespreizt, — wie Affen!' — Reserve-Offizier (im Civilverhältniss Privatdocent im Naturfach): 'Die Leute sind eben weniger entwickelt als der Herr Major!' (Darwinism in the military) By Adolf Oberländer. Fliegende Blätter. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
The "missing link"
Verso of both cards…
1883 "'KRAO' | THE 'MISSING LINK,' | A Living Proof of Darwin's Theory of the Descent of Man. | […] THE WONDER OF WONDERS. | The usual argument against the Darwinian theory, that man and monkey had a common origin, has always been that no animal has hitherto been discovered in the transmission state between monkey and man. | 'KRAO,' | a perfect specimen of the step between man and monkey, discovered in Laos by that distinguished traveller, Carl Bock, will be on Exhibition in the New Lecture Room, during the Afternoon and Evening. | ALL SHOULD SEE HER." 2 handbills with the same text but different illustrations. London: Aubert's Steam Printing Works. (1st handbill: Bodleian Library, Oxford University, John Johnson Collection, Human Freaks Box. See Elizabeth Edwards, Evolving images: photography, race and popular Darwinism. In Diana Donald and Jane Munro, eds. Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.)
'Krao' was a purportedly Laotian girl now known to have suffered from Hypertrichosis, the excessive growth of body hair. She was exhibited by William Leonard Hunt (calling himself Guillermo Antonio Farini). She was first exhibited at the Royal Aquarium, Westminster, London, from December 1882. Described to paying visitors as a "talking monkey" newspaper accounts described her as speaking English and "very bright-looking, intelligent girl of about seven years of age". A few newspapers questioned the morality and some poked fun saying it was not necessary to travel to the other side of the world when one could have looked around England for a convincing-looking missing link. She later toured Germany and then in 1884 moved to the USA to continue as a sideshow attraction where she died in 1926.
The photograph found of her looking the youngest is the basis for the woodcut flyer above right. The artist did not copy her apparent smile as the woodcut seems to have a rather miserable expression.
1883 "PORTRAIT OF KRAO'S MOTHER | PORTRAIT OF KRAO'S FATHER." (Elizabeth Edwards, Evolving images: photography, race and popular Darwinism. In Diana Donald and Jane Munro, eds. Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.)
'Krao'. A Living Specimen of Darwin's Missing Link... now exhibiting at the Royal Aquarium, Westminster. In Mr. Farini's New Lecture Room, 2 full-page woodcut illustrations (of Krao's mother and father), lacks 2 leaves of text, several paper repairs, loose in publisher's printed wrappers, 8vo, - this latter from a 2007 Bonham's sale.
"THE MOTHER OF 'KRAO' | Farini's missing link. | PERMANENT PHOTOGRAPH. Brown, Barnes & Bell." CDV from a private collection.(Elizabeth Edwards, Evolving images: photography, race and popular Darwinism. In Diana Donald and Jane Munro, eds. Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.)
1883 Krao as missing link. Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News (6 January): 425.
1883 "KRAO-the MISSING LINK." MoonshineNews (20 January): 34.
1884? "KRAO-The 'MISSING LINK'". Handbill for Cincinnati and New York.
1894 "IM ZOOLOGISCHEN GARTEN | […] KRAO THE MISSING LINK HALF MONKEY HALF WOMAN"
1884 "EVOLUTION EXTRAORDINARY." Fun (17 September): 129. This is also listed in the Darwin caricatures catalogue because Darwin appears in a portrait on the wall. See Caricatures of Charles Darwin.
1884 "SCIENTIFIC RIVALS. | Missing Link to Ditto.—'Hullo! Discovered you, have they?— Humph, you're a rum looking cus, anyway. Wonder what sort of noise you'll make in the world—a quack or a grunt?" Punch (Melbourne, Australia) (2 October): 137.
1884 "Wiener Humoresken. | — Als Naturforscher, meine Gnädige, muss ich für die Mischehe ausprechen. Nach Darwin giebt eine solche Racenkreuzung eine gesunde und ausgiebige Nachkommenschaft. | Glauben Sie? Und mein Arzt mit seinen veralteten Anschauungen emfiehlt mir noch immer das resultatlose Franzensbad."
(Viennese Humour. As a naturalist, my lady, I have to speak out in favour of intermarriage. According to Darwin, such a cross between races produces healthy and abundant offspring. | — Do you believe so? And my doctor, with his outdated views, still recommends the fruitless Franzensbad [a spa town]." Wiener Caricaturen (13 January): 1. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1885 "THE LAY OF THE TRILOBITE." Poem by May Kendall. In the poem: "I wish our skulls were thicker, | I wish the Evolution could | Have stopped a little quicker." Punch 88 (24 January): 41. See John Holmes, 'The Lay of the Trilobite': Rereading May Kendall. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century (2010). (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1885 "BALLAD OF THE ICHTHYOSAURUS. | (THE ICTHYOSAURUS LAMENTS HIS INCOMPLETE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPERFECT EDUCATION. HE ASPIRES TO BETTER THINGS.)"By Linley Sambourne. Punch 88 (14 February): 82. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1885 "Evolution: or The Darwinian Theory An Anthropological Rhyme by Fred. Lyster." Sheet music cover art by Thorburn N.Y. New York: W. F. Shaw "You've all heard of Evolution, As the latest new solution, of the myst'ry that wraps nature in a fog". (Full music available at Sheridan Library, Johns Hopkins University)
1885 "A TRANSMITTED CHARACTERISTIC." Punch 88 (14 March): 129. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1885 "Naturspiel à la Darwin." By Henry Albrecht. Fliegende Blätter 83, 2103, p. 155. Reprinted in Atchison Globe (7 December): 3. "Proof of the Darwinian Theory. THE ORIGIN OF THE GOOSE."
1885 "SURPRISAL OF THE FITTEST. | OR, COMIC POLITICAL EVOLUTION—À LA MODE." Punch 89 (11 July): 16.
1885 "EVOLUTIONARY ELECTIONEERING. (A DARWINIAN DRAMA.)" Fun 42(1070) (11 November).
1885 "EVOLUTIONARY ELECTIONEERING. (A DARWINIAN DRAMA.—Part II.)" Fun 42(1071) (18 November).
1885 "EVOLUTIONARY ELECTIONEERING. (A DARWINIAN DRAMA,—Part III.)" Fun 42(1072) (24 November).
1885 "EVOLUTIONARY ELECTIONEERING. (A DARWINIAN DRAMA,—Part III.)" Fun 42(1072) (25 November).
1885 "EVOLUTIONARY ELECTIONEERING. (A DARWINIAN DRAMA,—Part III.)" Fun 42(1073) (2 December).
1886 "A DARWINIAN DUDE." Atchison Globe (4 September): 1.
1886 "ORIGIN OF SPEECHES OR THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHAIRMAN." Harper's Bazaar. Reprinted in Atchison Globe (11 September): 3.
1886 "SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST VALENTINE." Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal (10 February).
1880s Nach Darwin's Lehre. Chromolithographs by Fr. Schmidt, Germany. sheets 16.3 x 21.3 cm (Wellcome Collection)
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Taf. 1. Wie aus einer Theekanne sich ein Fischreiher entwickelt. [How from a teapot a heron evolves] |
Table 2 Evolution of household articles, animals etc. according to Darwin's doctrine. |
Taf. 3. Wie aus einem russischen Paukenträger ein Engel entstehen kann. [How from a Russian drummer an angel can come into being]
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Taf. 4. Und wiederum: wie aus einem holden Engel ein altes Weib entsteht. [And again: how from a pretty angel an old women comes into being]
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Taf. 5. Entstehung eines Backfisches aus einem Backfisch. [development of a Backfisch (fish) into a Backfisch (teenage girl)]
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Taf. 6. Wie selbst aus dem Theatervorhang der Director entstehen kann. [How from the stage curtain the theatre director can evolve]
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Taf. 7. Die Entwickelung des Ingenieurs aus einem Zirkel. [The evolution of the engineer from a pair of compasses]
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Taf. 8. Wie aus einem Panduren der Garibaldi entstanden ist. [How from a Croatian guardsman Garibaldi came into being]
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Taf. 9. Wie aus einer russischen Pickelhaube eine Friedenstaube entsteht. [How from a Russian helmet a dove of peace comes into being]
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Taf. 10. Beweis: wie aus einer Mücke ein Elephant werden kann. [How from a mosquito an elephant can come into being] |
Taf. 11. Wie aus einer Katze eine Violine werden kann. [How from a cat a violin can come into being] Later several English reprints, see below. |
Taf. 12. Wie aus einer Tintenflasche ein Russe entsteht. [How from an ink bottle a Russian soldier comes into being] |
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Taf. 13. Wie ein Nachtfalter entsteht. [How a moth comes into being, from a dandy]
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Taf. 14. Wie aus einem Pflasterstampfer ein Pflastertreter werden kann. [How from a paving pounder a flâneur can emerge] |
Taf. 15. Wie der Knabe zum Manne reift. [How a boy eating bread matures into a man with a beard]
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Taf. 16. Wie aus einem Waggon ein Kroate entsteht. [How a railway waggon evolves into a Croat] |
Taf. 17. Die Entstehung einer Kaffeeschwester aus einer Kaffeekanne. [The development of a "coffee sister" (old biddy) from a coffee pot]
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Taf. 18. Was aus einer Wutky-Flasche werden kann. [A vodka bottle evolves into a Russian priest] |
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Table 19. "Wie aus Schwerte eine Unglaübigen ein sehr Glaübiger werden kann." (How the swords of non-believers can become a strong believer) |
Taf. 20. Entwickelung des Bücklings aus einem Bückling. Wir und unsere 19 Vorbilder empfehlen uns zur gefälligen Verbreitung mit vorzüglicher Hochachtung. [Evolution of a herring into a bowing gesture ...] |
1880s "Humoristischen Entwickelungen nach Darwin's Lehre. Ausgabe II." 2d ed. Chromolithographs [by Fr. Schmidt] Germany. From the 2009 sales catalogue 'Charles Robert Darwin 1809 –1882 one hundred and two items':
"A concertina-folded strip, c.57 cms. x 11 cms., with 8 hand-coloured, lithographed panels with figures in two series: Die Entwickelung der Mücke, 5 panels showing the evolution of a fly into an elephant; Die Entwickelung der Scheere, 3 panels showing a similar evolutionary development of a pair of scissors into a ballet-dancer. The strip folds into orange-brown paper wrappers, long time since laid onto a retaining paper. The front wrapper is lettered as above and has a caricature of two monkeys, a male dressed in top hat and tails presenting a bouquet of flowers to a female in elaborate finery with hat, parasol and bustle. The rear wrapper shows another monkey in military uniform standing on a platform in the centre of a street of houses, presenting arms, a banner unfurls overhead."
1886 "A DARWINIAN QUESTION." Lithograph of a painting by Samuel John Carter. The Graphic (1 May) Supplement.
1886 "GREAT DISCOVERY BY OUR DARWINIAN DRESSMAKER:-THE EVOLUTION OF THE 'IMPROVER'!" Funny Folks: A Weekly Budget of Funny Pictures, Funny Notes, Funny Jokes, and Funny Stories 12(597) (1 May).
1886 "Evolution from the Original Rib." New York World. Reprinted in Atchison Globe 6 July): 1.
1886 "EVOLUTION OF THE CAT ACCORDING TO THE DARWINIAN THEORY. A warning to the Misses Joran." Atchison Globe (13 August): 3. Reprinted Queensland Punch 8 (16 October).
1886 "DARWINIAN EVOLUTION." Atchison Globe (3 September): 1.
1886 CHEVREUL (1786-1889). Je ne suis pas de ceux qui font descendre l homme de l orang-outang. By Paul Renouard (1845-1924) Revue illustree (I am not one of those who make man descend from the orangutan).
1886 "EVOLUTION OF THE EAR" Puck (20 October): 120.
1887 "'HERE'S A HOW-D'Y'-DO!' | A CHAPTER ON THE EVOLUTION OF DEPORTMENT." Punch 92 (8 January): 18. One of a series on evolution of male-female interaction over time called 'evolution,' especially regarding dance.
1887 "DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES UNDER CIVILISATION. | 'Arriet. 'OW, 'ARRY! I S'Y! H'N'T 'E A UGLY COWVE!'" By George du Maurier. Punch 93 (16 July): 18. The joke here is that the working-class London observers who cannot pronounce their 'h's' are the savages compared to the noble and reserved American Indians they observe.
1880s? 'CHOCOLAT MASSON' Yes, Man is descended from a monkey.
1880s Stereoscopic photographs. "1070 - - ADAM AND EVE." CHAS. BIERSTADT, PHOTOGRAPHER, NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y. [3 substantially different card variants seen, suggesting continued production run]
1887 "NATURAL SELECTION." Golden Days: for Boys and Girls8(36) (6 August): 576.
1887 "A DOWN-Y PHILOSOPHER; | Or, Memoirs of a Missing Link." Punch 93 (3 December): 261.
This is a reference to the publication of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. This is all about Darwin but in code as his name is never mentioned. Play on Down, the village where Darwin lived, etc.
1887 "DARWINIAN ANCESTOR. | Composing the Song, 'For O it is such a Norrible Tail!!' | 'Our ancestor was an animal which breathed water, had a swim-bladder, a great swimming tail, and an imperfect skull.'—Darwin to Lyell. Punch 93 (10 December): 265. Text by Horace Frank Lester. The image makes light of Darwin's description of a vertebrate ancestor in a 10 January 1860 letter to Charles Lyell. The Life and letters of Charles Darwin was published in this year. The quotation is from volume 2, p. 266.
1880s? "Darwin's Theory" A monkey reads "DARWIN'S THEORY OF DESCENT OF MAN CONFIRMED". Magic lantern slide. Courtesy of the collection of Angus Carroll.
1888 "THE MISSING LINK FOUND AT LAST." Moonshine (26 May): 251.
1888 "MEN AND APES. ...WAS YOUR GRANDFATHER A MONKEY?" Louisville Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY, USA) 49 (13 August): 3.
1888 Trademark registration by C. L. Ireson for The Missing Link brand Self Adjusting Leather Link Belting. (Library of Congress) "representation of a monkey inclosed in a self-adjusting link belt running over pulleys" Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office 42: 1066.
1888 "STUDIES IN EVOLUTION." Punch 95 (17 November): 229.
1888 "STUDIES IN EVOLUTION.—THE ARTIST." Punch 95 (21 July): 30.
1888 "A STUDY IN EVOLUTION. | What may become of the Girl of the Period." Fun (31 October).
1888 "HE CAN'T DO IT! | THE MONKEY IMITATES. | So do some Soapmakers, BUT THEY CAN'T DO THIS | Mr. Darwin may have had some soapmakers in mind when he uttered his unpleasant insinuations regarding our ancestors." National tribune (Washington, D.C.) (6 December): 12.
c1889 "EVOLUTION OF A PITCHER." Source unidentified. (19 December).
1889 "EVOLUTION OF A CAT-CHER."
1888 "EVOLUTION." By Daniel Carter Beard. (Library of Congress)
1889 Zum Anthropologen-Congress. — Sie interessiren sich ja für Anthropologie, gnädige Fra; was halten Sie von der gegensätzlichen Stellung Virchow's zu Darwin? = Ich halte sehr viel davon. Daß der, Mensch vom Affen abstamme — diese Meinung ist mir zu sehr erschüttert worden, seitdem ich mich schon einige Male vom directem Gegentheile überzeugte." Die Bombe (11 August): 8.
(To the Anthropologists Congress. — You are interested in anthropology, madam; What do you think of Virchow's opposing position to Darwin? = I think very highly of it. That man is descended from apes - is an opinion which has shaken me too much since I convinced myself several times of the direct opposite.)
1889 "STUDIES IN EVOLUTION. | " Punch 96 (20 April): 186. Reprinted with identical caption in Punch (19 July 1911), p. 49. (Heidelberg)
1889 "Wie der Deutsche in den Ostseeprovinzen sich nach und nach in eine Russen verwandeln muss. | (Frei nach Darwin)." (How the Germans in the Baltic provinces will evolve into Russians, as per Darwin) Kikeriki (Vienna) (13 June): 3. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1889 "THE RAPID DESCENT OF MAN" Funny Folks: A Weekly Budget of Funny Pictures, Funny Notes, Funny Jokes, and Funny Stories 15 (5 October).
1889 "THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION. | Miss Knowmuch: Oh, yes, I have heard of the Darwin theory. Mr. Whiskers: And you believe the monkey to be the father of the man? Miss Knowmuch: (who is not fond of arguments): No, indeed; quite the reverse!" The Wasp, p. 7.
1889 "THE ORIGINAL 'FOUR HUNDRED.'" Puck 25, 636 (15 May): 200-201. A satire on the mid-19th century New York 400 "Knickerbocracy" elite shown as monkeys and apes. Various signs satirize prominent places in New York. Notably in the upper left are four monkeys on a log with a flag reading "DARWIN YACHT CLUB."
1889 "LE GORILLE | BARODET" La Ménagerie républicaine 32 (2 October).
1888 Trademark registration by M. Jacobs for "MISSING LINK PUZZLE". A Metal Link Puzzle. (Library of Congress)
1890 Trademark registration by H. R. Wade for "THE MISSING LINK FOUND." brand Cuff Fasteners. (Library of Congress)
1890 Up Stream. A Journey from the Present to the Past. Pictures and words by R. Andre. London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, p. 7. A children's book of rhyme. A girl is painting the face of an ape titled "Grandpapa's Great Grandpapas's Papa's Papa". The accompanying text reflects on evolution and an ancient ancestry. In the left margin a man stands on 'science' is descending from a monkey who in turn is descending from intermediary forms.
1890 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY. | Miss Jones.—Professor Griddle, do you dare to look me in the face, and then say that I originally sprang from a monkey? Professor Griddle (equal to the occasion).—Well, really, it must have been a very charming monkey!" Pick-Me-Up 5(114) (6 December). See Harper's Bazaar 1880.
1890 "THE POND LILY. A STUDY IN EVOLUTION." Los Angeles Times (4 November): 4.
1890s "CAPTAIN WEBB. ANOTHER CONVINCING PROOF IN FAVOR OF DARWINISM." Captain Matthew Webb (1848-1883), the first person to swim the English Channel without artificial help, in 1875. This is partly a pun on the name Webb, but also lampoons Darwin's theory of evolution. Webb is shown with webbed fingers and toes. This game is attributed to games manufacturer Multum In Parvo ('much in a small space'). The company formed in the 1890s at 144 Falkland Road, Hornsey, London, N8. In 1931 the company was liquidated following almost continuous financial difficulties throughout the 1920s". There is a similar card of Darwin.
1880s? "What Darwin declares | 'Tis really a shock, eh! | Yet surely this copper | Resembles old Jocko!" Blue Ribbon Cigar advertising card. Pulling the paper tab turns the picture of a policeman into a gorilla. (The Friedman Lab, Harvard University)
1891 "EVOLUTION TO THE MURPHY" Judge (14 March). An anti Irish cartoon. Judge was an American weekly satirical magazine from 1881 to 1947.
1891 "Nach Darwinischer Theorie." (According to the Darwinian theory, as the last poultry exhibition in Rudolfsheim the following crosses were noticed…) Kikeriki (Vienna) (12 April): 3. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1891 "OUR CHILDREN'S EARS IN 1981." By William Parkinson. Judy (19 August).
1891 "EVOLUTION OF THE WATERMELON." Judge (17 September). Decidedly racist trope.
1891 Evolution of man from apes. Truth (25 December): 40. Ape descending tree transforming into human who reverts to a tree when frightened by lions.
1891 "Mutual. | BOTH (soliloquizing)— 'An' it's glad Oi am that there's bar-rs." Judge (New York) Anti Irish joke.
1892 Anís del Mono. The label of Spanish liquor 'Anis of the monkey' depicts an anthropomorphised monkey holding a bottle. This is not a caricature of Darwin though many writers have claimed that it is. See Diana Donald's entry on this here.
1892 "THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES. | 'THAT'S THE NEW DOCTOR—AND THOSE ARE HIS CHILDREN!' 'HOW UGLY HIS CHILDREN ARE!' | 'WELL, NATURALLY! OF COURSE DOCTORS HAVE GOT TO KEEP THE UGLY ONES THEMSELVES, YOU KNOW!'" By Du Maurier. Punch (7 May): 222.
1892 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY—VARIATION FROM ENVIRONMENT. | 'Knocked 'em on the old Kent Road!' | Attracted all eyes at Church Parade." By Everard Hopkins. Punch 102 (18 June): 291.
1892 "IN BOSTON. | The Professor:— 'Believe me Miss Culture, I have no desire to be odd in declining to accept the theory of evolution as laid down by Mr. Darwin. That the human face should suggest the chimerical idea of being in the remotest related to the animal, is to me quite preposterous.' Just then the dog growled and interrupted the lady's answer." The Freeman (Indianapolis [Ind.]) (16 July): 5. (Library of Congress)
1892 "THE PROBABLE EFFECT OF THE CHECK REIN ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF EVOLUTION." Life (28 July). A check rein holds a horse's head up.
1892 "DARWIN VINDICATED. | Remarkable skeleton, recently found many hundred feet below the surface of the Earth. | Restoration by Puck's Private Paleontologist." By F. M. Howarth. Puck (9 November): 182. Reprinted in Puck Quarterly (October 1897).
1892 "HURRAH FOR DEVELOPMENT!...Will be to Darwinians a treat." Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal (16 November).
1892 Bronze statuette by Hugo Rheinhold (1853-1900). A chimpanzee contemplates a human skull as when Hamlet holds the skull of Yorick in Shakespeare's famous play. The chimpanzee sits on a stack of books, one of which has "DARWIN" on the spine. The open book at its feet has the words "eritis sicut deus" from the Bible, Genesis, 3.5, "And ye shall be as god" the second part of the line, "knowing good and evil", is missing. Rheinhold apparently meaning that the knowledge of human evolution would free humanity from religion. This statuette is discussed in Donald & Munro eds., Endless forms, 2009, p. 149.
1893 "The man of the year million". By G. R. H. Pall Mall Budget (16 November): 1796-1797. Imagining how humans will have evolved in the distant future is not such a new idea as seen in these eerie illustrations.
1893 "Herren-Schönheitskonkurrenz in Baden. | Die Verbereitungen dazu waren ein neuer Beweis für die Stichhältigkeit der Darwin'schen Lehre." (Gentleman's Beauty competition in Baden. The preparations are a new proof of the validity of the Darwinian doctrine.) Kikeriki (Vienna) (20 August): 3. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1893 "1,000,000 A. D." Punch 105 (25 November 25): 250.
"('The descendants of man will nourish themselves by immersion in nutritive fluid. They will have enormous brains, liquid, soulful eyes, and large hands, on which they will hop. No craggy nose will they have, no vestigial ears; their mouths will be a small, perfectly round aperture, unanimal, like the evening star. Their whole muscular system will be shrivelled to nothing, a dangling pendant to their minds.'—Pall Mall Gazette, abridged.)
What, a million years hence, will become of the Genus
Humanum, is truly a question vexed;
At that epoch, however, one prophet has seen us
Resemble the sketch annexed.
For as Man undergoes Evolution ruthless,
His skull will grow "dome-like, bald, terete";
And his mouth will be jawless, gumless, toothless—
No more will he drink or eat!
He will soak in a crystalline bath of pepsine,
(No Robert will then have survived, to wait,)
And he'll hop on his hands as his food he steps in—
A quasi-cherubic gait!
No longer the land or the sea he'll furrow;
The world will be withered, ice-cold, dead
As the chill of Eternity grows, he'll burrow
Far down underground instead.
If the Pall Mall Gazette has thus been giving
A forecast correct of this change immense,
Our stars we may thank, then, that we shan't be living
A million years from hence!"
c.1890s "Evolution of a Russian". Postcard, early 20th century.
1893 "THE EVOLUTION OF A SMILE." By 'Saalburg'. Inter-Ocean Illustrated Supplement (10 September). Caricature of Director General Davis reading attendance records for May, June, July and August. Part of the promotion of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.
1893 "Evolution on the Midway", published October 8, 1893, in the Inter-Ocean Illustrated Supplement as part of the promotion of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.
1894 "The picture of the attractive gentleman holding the book is copied from this wonderful work, and is, according to Prof. Darwin the likeness of one of your ancestors." Good Stories 10(12) (March): 13.
1894 "ORIGIN OF A NEW SPECIES, OR— | THE EVOLUTION OF THE CROCODILE EXPLAINED." By Richard Felton Outcault. World (New York) (18 November).
Prehistoric peeps (1893-1895)
In the wake of the widespread discussion and dissemination of Darwin's evolutionary ideas a new genre of stories emerged- the prehistoric or cave man times. This genre of stories and imagery largely descends from the Victorian magazine Punch and its artist Edward Tennyson Reed. A collection was published as a book: Mr. Punch's Prehistoric Peeps in 1894. Ever afterwards worldwide audiences have been family with a fictitious prehistoric age showing humans riding dinosaurs and using laughable primitive versions of modern technology. These characters made it to the silver screen in early films such as 'Prehistoric Peeps' (1905).
1893 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | OWING TO HIS NOTORIOUS ECCENTRICITY THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE LOCAL MAMMOTH WERE SOMEWHAT STRAINED." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 105 (23 December): 292.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS.—PRIMEVAL BILLIARDS." And "PREHISTORIC PEEPS.—THE FIRST HANSOM." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 105 (1 January): almanack for 1894
1894 "A LITTLE QUIET WHIST IN PREHISTORIC TIMES. | THE END OF THE GAME." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch Xmas number- as two above
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | AN UNRECORDED NAVAL ENGAGEMENT IN PRIMEVAL TIMES." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (6 January): 3.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | A VISIT TO AN ARTIST'S STUDIO." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (3 February): 51.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | NO BATHING TO-DAY!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (24 February): 87.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | 'COACHING' FROM THE BANK WAS NO SINECURE IN THOSE DAYS. (THE 'EIGHT' ALL SIXES AND SEVENS—AND ONLY A FEW DAYS TO THE RACE!)" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (10 March): 111.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | EVEN A LITTLE HOLIDAY OUTING IN THE COUNTRY WAS NOT WHOLLY FREE FROM RISK!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (31 March): 147.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | A COMPARITIVELY QUIET BUDGET NIGHT IN THE PRIMEVAL PARLIAMENT." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (14 April): 178.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | OPENING OF THE PRIMEVAL ROYAL ACADEMY." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (12 May): 226.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | A NOCTURNE WHICH WOULD SEEM TO SHOW THAT 'RESIDENTIAL FLATS' WERE NOT WHOLLY UNKNOWN EVEN IN PRIMEVAL TIMES!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (26 May): 250.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | EVEN THE 'DEAD' HAD IT'S PRIMEVAL COUNTERPART." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (9 June): 27.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | A NIGHT LECTURE ON EVOLUTION." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (23 June): 298. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
This cartoon has been widely reproduced and its original publication seemingly forgotten.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | IT IS QUITE A MISTAKE TO SUPPOSE THAT HENLEY REGATTA WAS NOT ANTICIPATED IN EARLIEST TIMES." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (7 July): 10.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | A CRICKET MATCH. 'HOW'S THAT, UMPIRE?'!!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (21 July): 34.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | THE NAVAL MANOUEUVRES AFFORDED MUCH PLEASURABLE EXCITEMENT TO THOSE CONCERNED!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (11 August): 70.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | THERE WERE EVEN THEN QUIET SPOTS BY THE SEA WHERE ONE COULD BE ALONE WITH NATURE UNDISTURBED!!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (15 September): 130.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | THERE WERE OFTEN UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH GAVE TO THE HIGHLAND STALKING OF THOSE DAYS AN ADDED ZEST!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 106 (29 September): 154.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | THE ANNUAL FOOTBALL MATCH BETWEEN THE OLD RED SANDSTONE ROVERS AND THE PLIOCENE WANDERERS WAS IMMENSELY AND DESERVEDLY POPULAR!!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 107 (20 October): [190].
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | A LITTLE COVERT SHOOTING. (DRAGONS PLENTIFUL, AND STRONG ON THE WING.)" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 107 (1 December): 262.
1894 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | DURING A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF THE YEAR THE SKATING WAS EXCELLENT, AND WAS MUCH ENJOYED BY ALL CLASSES." By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 107 (29 December): 310.
1895 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | THE PROCEEDURE IN THE LAW COURTS HAD MANY POINTS OF RESEMBLANCE TO OUR OWN BUT AT TIMES IT WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO GIVE UNDIVIDED ATTENTION TO THE EVIDENCE!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 108 (6 April): 166.
1895 "PREHISTORIC PEEPS. | THERE WERE SEASONS (CORRESPONDING TO OUR EASTER, &c.) WHEN THE IHABITANANTS OF ONE ACCORD GAVE THEMSELVES UP TO RELAXATION AND AMUSEMENT!" By Edward Tennyson Reed. Punch 108 (20 April): 190.
1895 "'ENERY AND THE MISSING LINK." Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal 108 (23 January): 48. Inspired by the recent discovery of 'Java Man' and reported as the Missing Link. In this cartoon the professor cannot tell the difference between the 'primitive' Missing Link and the working-class man who brought him in.
1895 "DARWINISM UP TO DATE. | 'THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES'—The Cigarette and the Masher." The Tasmanian (11 May): 49. (TROVE) A masher: "a fop of affected manners and exaggerated style of dress who frequented music-halls and fashionable promenades and who posed as a 'lady-killer'." (OED)
1895 "Evolution from a P.D.Q locomotive to the President of the Road." Life (16 May).
1895 "DARWIN'S THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF A SCORCHER." Life. Western Kansas World (Wakeeney, Kan.) (26 October): 1. A scorcher was one who cycled furiously (OED). Also said to be a term for a racing cyclist.
1895 "'THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.' | Hackney (to Shire Horse). 'LOOK HERE, FRIEND DOBBIN, I'LL BE SHOD IF THEY WON'T DO AWAY WITH US ALTOGETHER SOME OF THESE DAYS!" Punch 103 (7 September): 110. The replacement of horses with horseless conveyances is likened to Darwinian natural selection.
1895 "Darwinisme. Metamorphose evolutive du vautour vers le juif." By J. Chanteclair (Lucien Émery). La libre Parole (17 September). (Collection Kharbine-Tapabor)
1895 "Bekehrung. | Professor: Glauben Sie an Darwin's Affenlere? | Kandidat: Nein! | Professor: Wenn Sie antworten müssen Sie mir in's Gesicht schauen. | Kandidat: Ja, ich glaub' 'dran!" (CONVERSION. | Professor: Do you believe in Darwin's ape theory? Candidate: no! Professor: You must look me in the face when you answer. Candidate: Yes, I believe it!" Figaro (Vienna) (23 November): 6. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1896 "ACCORDING TO DARWIN." The Wasp, p. 13.
1896 "Retour-Darwinismus. | Die feuchte Witterung des Sommers hat eine große Einwirkung auf den Habitus der Sommerfrischler geübt!" Figaro (26 September): 8. (Return Darwinism. | The humid weather of summer has had a major impact on the habits of summer visitors)
1896 "THE EVOLUTION OF THE PAWN-BROKER." Judge's Quarterly (January). antisemitic cartoon.
1896 "Degeneration. Parrot (student of evolution): 'Great Scott! Is that what we come to?" Atchison Globe (Atchison, KS, USA) (6 February).
1896 "SURVIAL OF THE FITTEST." Judge (23 May): 349.
1896 "MISSING LINK" John Allen Brock. (California State Archives)
1897 "THE DESCENT OF MAN. | FIRST MONKEY: 'Do you notice that thing looking in through the bars?' SECOND MONKEY: 'Yes, isn't it pitiable. He actually was one of us in his palmy days.'" The Big Budget 1(9) (14 August).
1896 "THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST" Cycling: An Illustrated Weekly 12 (29 August).
1897 "Darwin Overlooked This. | THE ORIGINAL SCORCHER. — New York Sunday World." Santa Fe daily New Mexican (Santa Fe, N.M.) (11 August). A scorcher was one who cycles furiously (OED). Also said to be a term for a racing cyclist.
1897 "STUDIES IN EVOLUTION.—THE BICYCLE BACK." Judy (11 August): 383.
1897 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY AGAIN." The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal 19 (18 September).
1897 "A Rubber-Neck Fowl; or, the Survival of the Fittest." ( comic story from Zim's Characters in Pen and Ink Judge 1900 ser.
1896 "Vierfüssig durch Amerika." (Four-footed through America. Older ape to his young: look Katssi, our Darwin is right: now one sees clearly that we descend from them!" Kikeriki (Vienna) (30 August): 2. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1896 "Schweinische Anpassung. (frei nach Darwin.)" Dr Floh (18 October): 6. A pet big eats so much that it fills its house which, when broken open, reveals a quadratic-shaped pig. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1897 "THE TEMPTATION. | A DRAWING IN THE PRESENT MODE, OF THE FAMOUS SCENE IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN (AFTER SUGGESTION BY PROF. DARWIN.) Life (14 January). This was widely reprinted.
1897 "CAN SCIENTISTS BREED MEN FROM MONKEYS?" New York Journal and Advertiser (New York [N.Y.]) (22 August): 13. (Library of Congress)
1898 "Darwinismus im Huehnerhofe" (Darwinism in the chicken pen. | Farmers wife: If Darwin is right, this feed should work a miracle. | Jesus, Mary and Joseph, Darwin was right!" Der wahre Jacob.
1898 "THE EVOLUTION OF A NEW SPECIES." Judy (11 May).
1898 "THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST." The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal (Auckland, New Zealand) XXI(13) (24 September).
1898 "No. 5.—IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN WITH FATHER ADAM. | DISCOURAGING DARWINISM. | ADAM: 'You darned simian ass, you'll run around telling folks you're a relative of ours, will you?'" By J. S. Allen. New York Journal Colored Supplement (16 October): 4. Obviously inspired by Prehistoric Peeps.
1898 "THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST. | UNCLE SAM.— By Jingo! I'm sorry for the poor fellow; but he made me do it." By Udo Keppler. Puck (1 June). Library of Congress collection description: "Print shows a scene at duelling grounds in a wooded area where a duel has taken place between a tattered buccaneer labelled "Spain" and "Medievalism" and Uncle Sam who is holding a sword labelled "19th century Enlightenment", on the ground between them is a broken sword labelled "Misrule". Two figures, possibly acting as seconds, one labelled "Austria" (Franz Joseph I) and the other representing Germany (William II), are supporting "Spain" between them, and a man carrying a doctors bag labelled "France" is rushing from behind to attend to the wounded man. John Bull and "Japan" (Meiji) are standing behind Uncle Sam."
1898 "LIZARD LAND; OR, WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN." Punch's Almanack for 1898.
1899 "Charles Darwin und seine Theorie. Wissenschaeftlich beleuchtet von Josef Gregorig." ('Charles Darwin and his theory' the audience looks rather shocked.) Neue Glühlichter (Vienna) (2 March): 628. Said to have been the most important satirical magazine for Austrian workers.
1899 "EVOLUTION. | 'IS IT TRUE THAT MEN WAS ONCE MONKEYS, GRANDPA?' | 'SO THEY SAY, MY DEAR.' 'THEN WHAT WAS THE MONKEYS, THEN?'" Signed Paterson? Punch's Almanack.
1899 "THE LAST STAND — SCIENCE VERSUS SUPERSTITION." Puck (19 July). Forces of 'science' are arrayed against those of 'superstition' with respective banners "THINK OR BE DAMNED" and "BELIEVE OR BE DAMNED". On of the barrels of the Gatling gun is "EVOLUTION".
1899 "EVOLUTION OF A SPANIARD". New York Journal and Weekly Register-Call (Central City, CO., USA).
1899 A strong denial that humans are descended from apes. The image congers an unbridgeable gulf. Jugend 38 (Germany)
1899 "EVOLUTION. | 'IS IT TRUE THAT MEN WAS ONCE MONKEYS, GRAN'PA?' | 'SO THEY SAY, MY DEAR.' | 'THEN WHAT WAS THE MONKEYS, THEN?'" By George Malcolm Patterson. Punch (1 March): 101.
1900 "A STUDY IN EVOLUTION.—FROM THE SKATE TO THE ELEPHANT." By F. M. Howarth. Puck Quarterly (January).
c.1884? "THE DARWINIAN THEORY." A racist card from the USA comparing a black man, possibly speaking out for freedoms, mocked with a monkey shadow on the wall. (sold by a dealer in New York, verso blank) Other variants are blank below.
"THE DARWINIAN THEORY | COPYRIGHTED, BUFFORD, BOSTON." Three conspicuously racist advertising trade cards comparing an African American to his shadow as an ape. A blank is on the left with two uses in the centre and right. The Ladies' and Gentlemen's Dining Room was extant for 1866 to about 1923 thus bracketing the tomes for the card's use.
1900 "Die Entwicklung nach der Darwin'schen Theorie. | Man wüsste nicht, woher es kam. (Frei nach Schiller.)" German postcard
1900 "Die Entwicklung nach der Darwin'schen Theorie. | Was gleich wohl auf Erden dem Jaegervergnuegen!" (Development according to Darwin's theory. | What on earth is equal to the hunting pleasure) German postcard.
1900 "THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST." By Louis Dalrymple. Puck 7, 1201 (14 March): cover. Library of Congress catalogue description: "Illustration showing two gladiators, one labelled "Gold Standard" and the other labelled "Silver Standard", in an amphitheatre The "Gold Standard" gladiator, with a sword labelled "SOUND MONEY LAW OF 1900", stands victorious over the "Silver Standard" gladiator whose sword, labelled "16 to 1", lies broken at his side."
1900 "ECONOMIC DARWINISM. | RIGHT THINKING PERSON:—'The visionaries and Socialist demagogues may rant against us, my boy, but they can't alter the divine law of the Survival of the Fattest!'" By Will Dyson.
1900 "THE MISSING LINK. | (Known to Scientists Under the Name of Pithecanthropus.)" Illustration to article 'WILL INVADE JAVA. Two Expeditions Expect to Find Missing Link There.' The Columbian (Bloomsburg, Pa.) (27 September): 6.
(right) "AFTER THE MISSING LINK IN JAVA." Philipsburg mail (Philipsburg, Mont.) (19 October): [7]. A widely syndicated image. (Library of Congress)
1900 "SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT THIS SOULLES, VOICELESS AND TAILLESS CREATURE IS THE ONLY LINK MISSING TO COMPLETE THE CHAIN IN THE THEORY OF MAN'S DESCENT, AND THAT IT IS EXTANT IN THE JUNGLES OF JAVA." Gone in search of ape-like man. Topeka State Journal (Topeka, Kansas) (13 October): [14]. A widely syndicated image. (Library of Congress)
1901 "Eine politische Metamorphose frei nach Darwin.", Glühlichter (11 April): 59.
1901 "LA THÉORIE DE DARWIN....RETOURNÉE", le singe qui descend de l'homme. (Darwin's Theory in Reverse, the Monkey's Descent from Man.) Colour lithograph by Benjamin Rabier. "Caricature of evolution by French cartoonist Benjamin Rabier, from his book Ecoutez-moi, 1903"
1901 "According to Darwin's theory. | Monkey (in the jungle, to her dissolute son— Why don't you be a man? | Monkey (her son)—I will be in about ten generations." Evening World (New York, N.Y.) (26 April): 8.
1901 "Who was your Ancestor? Take the month of your birth, follow the line through the maze, and thus settle the ancestral question a la Darwin. | Salvation oil kills all pain". "DR. BULL'S, COUGH SYRUP, […] Meyer in Company, Baltimore, Maryland".
Late 19th Century Chimpanzee reading a book: "DARWIN THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT". 'Development' was an earlier term for evolution and this shows that it long remained in use alongside the word evolution. Advertisement for 5 cent Wanderoo cigars A. N. & Co. Source unidentified. Wanderoo was a popular name for purple-faced langurs of Sri Lanka.
1890 "EVOLUTIONARY ASSIMILATION. | A Story of Signor Piatti and his 'Cello." Caricature of the Italian cellist Carlo Alfredo Piatti (1822-1901) evolving into a cello. Punch 99 (12 July): 21.
1901 "Die Entwicklungs Geschichte einer Zwiebel. | Hotel zum Löwen, Müllheim i/ Baden." (The development history of an onion [here evolving into an anti-Semitic Jewish caricature) (Jewish Memories)
1901 "Vom Geier zum Meier. | (nach Darwin.) | Hotel zum Löwen Müllheim (Baden)". An anti-Semitic caricature of a vulture morphing into a Jewish caricature. (Jewish Memories/Kharbine-Tapabor)
1902 "Affe, Neger, dann erst Weisser, | Nach Darwin unsre Herkunft war; | Bei Dir ist umgekehrt die Folge, | Das siehst Du hier doch offenbar!" (Ape, Negro, then white, according to Darwin our origins were; but with you it's gone the opposite direction. You can obviously see that here!) A racist cartoon card suggested a stereotyped Jewish caricature is the bottom of the evolutionary chain. (Collection Jewish Memories - Kharbine-Tapabor)
1902 "AUTOMOBILE Jai souvent remarque que le cri de l homme ecrase ressemble etrangement a celui du chien... Darwin avait peut-etre raison! declare un automobiliste." (I have often noticed that the cry of a crushed man strangely resembles that of a dog... Perhaps Darwin was right! declared a motorist.) By Lucien-Henri Weiluc. Les tueurs de routes L'Assiette au Beurre. (18 January). A French weekly satirical magazine.
1902 "President Turkey- For what we did not receive let us be truly thankful! | Thanksgiving Banquet of the 'Survival of the Fittest' Club." By J. S. Pughe. Puck 52(1343).
1902 "EVOLUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA." Judy (21 May): 245.
1903 "Une Guenon inoculee. Paris." (BNF)
1903 "FEBRUARY, TIME—POST-DILUVIAN. THE MISSING LINK." The golf links are submerged under a Noah-like flood from recent rains. F. G. Lewin. Punch (18 February): 124.
1903 "HOMMAGE A DARWIN". Rire. Reprinted in The New York Herald (European Edition) (13 December).
c1903 "Teoria di Darwin" Italian postcard.
1904 'Trademark registration by John Mongan for Missing Link brand A Beverage Composed Principally of Whisky and Syrup'. (Library of Congress)
1904 "'The Descent of Man.' Darwin. wont he bump. Wrench Series" Kings Printers. Man sliding down banister in the direction of an annoyed matron. 2 variants seen.
1904 Topsy-Truveydom. From Children's Corner. "A BABY THAT PROVES THE DARWINIAN THEORY WHEN YOU TURN THIS PAGE UPSIDE DOWN." The Queenslander (Brisbane, Qld) (23 April): 45. (TROVE)
1904 "Darwin's theory puts your Mr. Man in a bad light. But it matters not whether we used to be like this or not. The question now is where to buy your cabinet mantels and building material. Payne, Willingham & Wood, Ready Roofing by the car. We give Automobile Tickets." Montgomery Advertiser (Montgomery, Ala.) (16 July): 5. (Library of Congress)
1904 "STRIKING NEW THEORIES OF MAN'S ORIGIN PROPOUNDED BY HOLLAND SCIENTIST [Hugo de Vries]". Washington Times (9 October): 6. One of many reports of Hugo de Vries's claims that mutation theory was an alternative or replacement for Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
1904 "COMPARATIVE EVOLUTION. | The Monk: AND AFTER ALL I'VE DONE TO MAKE THEM A CREDIT TO THE FAMILY!" Life (17 November): 447.
1905 "ANGEWANDTER DARWINISMUS." (APPLIED DARWINISM) Der wahre Jacob 22(497): 4773.
A man in the crowd observes, that must be a general, because according to Darwin parts that are used get bigger and vice versa, and this figure has clearly walked very far (in retreat) and thought little.)
1905 "AN EVOLUTION IN WALL STREET." By A. B. Walker. Life (5 January). A bag of money evolves into a soap bubble on a clay pipe (a traditional pastime) until the bubble bursts.
1905 "OUR ANCESTORS AUTOMIBILE. | ANCESTRAL SERIES NO. 501." Signed S. H. Clarke. Henry R. Johnson, Springfield, Mass.
1905 "OUR ANCESTORS AIRSHIP. | ANCESTRAL SERIES NO. 502." Signed S. H. Clarke. Henry R. Johnson, Springfield, Mass.
c.1900s USA postcard early 20th century
c. 1904 "EVOLUTION OF A LEAP YEAR BELL" USA
"Evolution of ye marriage certificate"
c.1905 "DARWIN MUST BE RIGHT!" A monkey looks in a mirror and is convinced Darwin is right or perhaps shows it to the recipient of the card who will prove that humans are supposedly descended from monkeys. NOVELTY GLASS EYE COMIC POSTCARD MONKEY –
1905 Planche de Winsor McCay (Silas) extraite de la série Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, publiée dans The New York Herald.
1905 "THE MONKEY TEST AT THE BRONX ZOO. | (By Chauncey Munchausen Sellers.) | THIS VIRILE MONKEY BLOOD WAS PUMPED INTO THE VEINS OF PROFESSOR L. VON BLOOMENSTEIN." Accompanying a spoof article about getting monkeys/apes to talk about their relationship with man and injecting their blood into a man. Evening Journal (Adelaide, SA) (29 July): 4. (TROVE)
1905 "'MILK AND WATER MEN'" By W. K. Haselden. Daily Mirror 594 (27 September).
1906 "JOE and SALLIE, Chimpanzees. Two of the 400 at Edward's Animal Show.—Who says Missing Link?"
1906 "Mr. Link, the distinguished monkey, now in town"
"'THE MISSING LINK' AS A MUSIC-HALL TURN 'LINK,' WHO IS APPEARING AT THE LONDON HIPPODROME." "'Mr. Link,' or 'The Missing Link,' as he is called, who made his first appearance at the Hippodrome the other day, is a clever monkey who eats, calls for the waiter, and smokes a cigarette with a placidity that is wonderful. He shakes hands with visitors politely, through he has the appearance of being rather bored. Photo by Illustrations Bureau. A NEW TURN AT THE HIPPODROME"
1906 " Zur Adjutierungs-Vorschrift. (Metamorphose nach Darwin.)" Kikeriki (Vienna) (30 September): 9. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1906 "A REVERSION. | The Chimpanzee—Do you believe in the theory of evolution? | The Gorilla—Oh, implicitly. At least I think there is no doubt that we are descended from human beings." The News-Democrat (Providence, R.I.) (11 May): 4. (Library of Congress)
1906 "Eine Botschaft. | 'Mr. Darwin lassen fragen, ob eine Weiterentwicklung nach oben hin gewünscht wird…'" (A message. | 'Mr. Darwin wishes to enquire whether any further upward evolution is desired...') By Sisi. Die Muskete 33 (17 May): 262. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
c.1900 'Les pourquoi de monsieur Toto', By Emmanuel Poire Caran D'ache.
Early 20th Century "Des Darwins Lehre ist nicht schlecht, | Bei dir hat er doch sicher recht. | Prosit Neujahr!" (Darwin's doctrine is not bad, with you he's got it right. Cheers New Year!) A New Year's greeting card with an ape reading a Darwin book. "E.v.V. L.S.W."
Early 20th Century? Postcard. "ARE YOU A RELATIVE OF MINE." Source unidentified.
Early 20th Century "FATHER, ARE WE ALL DESCENDED FROM MONKEYS?" | "SO DARWIN SAYS." | "MR. HOMELEY HAS NOT DESCENDED VERY FAR, HAS HE FATHER?" By Paul Aslann. London Opinion and Today.
Early 20th century "'Here, Dad, they told us at school today that we come from monkeys!' 'Oh, did they! Well you might have done, but I didn't!'" Postcard.
early 20th century? "IT IS FOLLY TO SUGGEST THAT MEN ARE DESCENDED FROM MONKEYS." It is suggested that the opinionated low-type of person depicted looks monkey-like himself. Postcard.
Late 19th century. "WHAT DOES MR. DARWIN SAY NOW?" American trade card for the Leader cooking stoves manufactured by Eddy, Corse & Co, Troy, New York.
early 20th century? "Ne trouves-tu pas qu's te voir on peat dire l'homme descend du singe?" (Don't you think that seeing you we can say that man is descended from the monkey) 37 S.R.A. Postcard.
late 19th century "WITH ANCESTRAL XMAS WISHES | Always Climbing | I've found you a Crest and a MOTTO. | And while on the search intent | I've discovered for you, an Ancestor too, | That proves you're of ANCIENT DESCENT."
early 20th century "Pre-historic Football." Postcard.
1902 "LE PREMIER PÉDICURE (d'après DARWIN.) | Comme quoi, dans l'evolution de l'espèce, les manucures ont dû forcément précéder les pédicures." (The first pedicure according to Darwin. By Kotek. Pele-Mele (5 January).
1890-1894 "Darwinistische Disputation der Anthropomorphen vor dem ersten Menschenkinde" (Darwinian disputation of primates over the first human child) Apes hold up a baby in front of a copy of Darwin's Descent of man. Copper etching by Ernst Moritz Geyger (1861-1941).
c.1905 "Vom Pferd zum Automobil. | (Eine darwinistische Studie.)" (From horse to automobile. A Darwinian study) By Lothar Meggendorfer. Meggendorfer-Blätter (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1906 "THE DESCENT TO MAN. | "ARE YOU AWARE, SIR, THAT YOUR DOG HAS BITTEN THIS CHILD?" | "WELL, THE BOY'S BEEN AGGRAVATING HIM; AND, AFTER ALL, THE DOG'S ONLY HUMAN!" Punch 131 (12 December): 419.
1906-1910 "Isn't that awful!" By Max Bachman? A USA postcard as has cents on back
"IS THAT REALLY SO!" Two monkeys looking in an open book titled "Darwin Origin of Species" and another with spine reading "Degeneration". Postcard USA.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. STAGE I.— THE BUBBULOZOON. The earliest forms of life evolving from the protoplasmic slime on the slowly cooling crust of the earth. DRAWN BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (27 March): 339. This delightful series of nine sketches by the well-known artist Heath Robinson appear now almost Dalaiesque. Throughout he makes fun of scientific names as well as popular notions of what evolution supposedly entails. This one is a reference to the Eozoön debates over primitive life. See 'Almighty God! what a wonderful discovery!': Did Charles Darwin really believe life came from space?
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. STAGE II.— THE WIGGULOZOA. The Wiggulozoa roaming the lonely seas of the Ohmyocene Age. DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (3 April): 371.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. Stage III.— THE ALCOHOLOZOIC BIVALVE. Found only in the old, crusted deposits of the Silurian System. DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (10 April): 402.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. Stage IV.— THE CORPULENDRON. Found moving among the adipose tissues of the Gourmetic Age. DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (17 April): 17.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. STAGE V.— THE CHILLITHERIUM. Found in the Old Silkstone and Coal Seams of Newcastle (Glacial Period). DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (24 April): 49.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. STAGE VI.— THE DOMESTICOSAURUS. Found Nesting in the Dismal Swamps of the Measleozoic Age. DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (1 May): 81.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. STAGE VII.— HOMO NOTQUITUS. DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (8 May): 113.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. (Following this is the Missing Link.) STAGE VIII.— THE SLENDER RIBBED MAMMAL AND YOUNG. Found in the Chalk and Water Deposits of the Ohmyocene Age. DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (15 May): 145.
1907 "'THE SKETCH' THEORY OF THE DESCENT OF MAN. STAGE IX.— AND LAST: THE FINISHED ARTICLE. DRAWN AND EVOLVED BY W. HEATH ROBINSON." The Sketch (22 May): 177.
1907 "THE DESCENT OF MAN." By Fred Lewis. Judge (16 February).
c.1907 magic lantern slide. Marked "FIRST COUSINS" in slide. Marked; "THE MISSING LINK", on label. Baby and monkey sitting on tree branches. Bosworth Optical Company, 36 Bromfield Street, Boston. J.B. Stewart label.
1907 "EVOLUTION OF THE LEMON." Widely syndicated. (30 January).
1907 "THE DESCENT OF MAN". By Fred Lewis. Judge (16 February).
1907 "The Evolution of Papa's Slipper". By Walker O'Loughlin. Judge (16 February).
1907 "EVOLUTION OF THE ENGAGEMENT RING." Puck 31 July. Repeated weekly as part of this advert.
c.1907 "Evolution Of The Engagement Ring | Ring | Wrung | Sting | Stung" Keppler & Schwarzmann.
1907 "PATSY BOLIVAR gives a novel exhibition as Lightening Sketch Artist.' Series of comic transformations/metamorphoses. The New York Clipper (March). Detail: "Evolution of man."
1907 "Is Everybody Happy?" EBE Co. Racist postcard.
1907 "Unsere Volksvertreter auf Ferien" Neue Glühlichter 14. August 1907): 8 (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) Cartoon of Austrian MP Hermann Bielohlawek (1861-1918) who looks at monkeys reading a book "Darwin". He was sometimes caricatured as a monkey himself.
1907 "EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN FARMER" Judy (6 April): 213.
1907 "EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN HAT, showing its components." Judy (8 May): 293.
1907 "The Descent of Man. | Design for emblem of the strap-hangers' league of America. Respectfully submitted by one of them." Judge (19 October).
1907 "Das Orang-Männchen in Schönbrunn, ein neuer Liebling der Wiener. | Warnung. Es ist strenge verboten, com Ausgleich zu reden, oder dieses Tier anderweitig zu reizen. | Darwin-Theorie: Anschauungsunterricht." (The little Orang in Schoenbrunn Zoo, a new darling of the Viennese. Warning. It is strictly forbidden to talk about compensation or otherwise irritate this animal. | Darwin theory: object lesson.) Figaro (26 October): 13. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1907 DARWINISME Le premier mari (Adam en singe). Ou cette sacree Eve a-t-elle encore fichu ma feuille de vigne du dimanche. By de Andre Helle (1871-1945) Le Sourire (3 April).
1907 "THE FOREFATHERS OF THE STRAP-HANGER." [in public transport] Puck Monthly (November).
1907 "Die Kehrseite | 'Und diese degenerierte Bande will von uns abstammen!'" (The Downside 'And this degenerate mass claims to be descended from us!'). By Rudolf Wilke. Simplicissimus 12(23) (2 September): 354. Two apes in a zoo disparaging the humans looking at them.
1907 "Deszendenztheorie." (Descent theory/evolution) Dinosaurs into dogs. By Reinicke, Emil and Stubenrauch, Hans. Fliegende Blätter 126, 3214, pp. 106-107. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1908 "Unser Trost. Der Girardi sie zwar aus Wien fortgezogen, aber unsere uebrigen Spassmacher bleiben, Gott sei Dank, in Wien!" Glühlichter (27 March): 2.
1908 "MORE HINTS TO PEDESTRIANS. | Perhaps evolution will come to the rescue, and give us eyes all over our heads." By W. K. Haselden. Daily Mirror (s6 February) London traffic is so dangerous, perhaps this will be the result.
1908 "DARWIN'S MISSING LINK | SOLOMON THE MAN MONKEY | ALIVE | PICKARDS MUSEUM | TRONGATE | HE GOES ON SUNDAY TO THE CHURCH". With thanks to Peter Kjaergaard.
c.1908 "EVOLUTION OF A CIGARETTE FIEND." Newman Postcard Co. Also see earlier 1895 version.
1908 "EVOLUTION OF THE BIG STICK" By M. M. Mabie. Postcard. William H. Taft: "Nomination, Acceptation, Anticipation, Consternation". The last illustration shows Taft as a "big stick" being held by the arm of "T.R." (Teddy Roosevelt). The card is marked: "COPYRIGHT 1908 BY M.M. MABIE".
1907 Evolution Of A Laugh Marshall P Wilder Actor Days of The Week 1907 Postcard D27
1908 "SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR THE LONDON PAGEANT. | 1. THE EVOLUTION OF THE LONDON COSTER." Punch (15 January): 51.
1908 "Unser Trost. Der Girardi ist zwar aus Wien fortgezogen, aber unsere Übrigen Spassmacher blieben, Gott sei Dank, in Wien!" Glühlichter (27 March): 4. A book labelled "Darwin" is being trod on by Bielohlarve? Who is also treading on a monkey. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1908 "EVOLUTION. | Are we descended from monkeys? Certainly. But not so far." Puck (25 November).
c.1908 "EVOLUTION. 'They are no use, Mr. John Bull Chinaman, we're quite grown out of that sort of shoe! Please take fresh measures.'" By Kate Woodward. Artists' Suffrage League. Chelsea. Postcard. John Bull represents the British 'establishment' and the shoes old-fashioned conditions for women.
1909 [William Jennings] "BRYAN ASSAILS THE DARWIN THEORY AT ANN ARBOR | [Bryan:] "I DON'T WANT ANY BODY TO SAY I DESCENDED FROM A MONKEY" and a monkey responds "STOP CHATTERING THEN!" Signed 'Thomas Jones'? Detroit News (15 March).
1909 "Mit Quargellogik macht der klar, Dass Darwin auch ein Aff' nur war." Glühlichter (21 April): 10.
1909 "THE STORY OF THE RAILROAD". Life (15 July) Edward H. Harriman railway tycoon.
1909 "Darwin's theory." "Verlag Joseph Barta, Berlin No. [?]" dated by a postcard of Berlin by same publisher (JvW). Said to be an antisemitic card.
1909 "'ZOOLOGICAL COMPARISONS.' | DARWINIAN TYPES." This slovenly dressed person looks like the monkey in the zoo. Postcard.
1909 "Aus dem Raritaetenkabinett der 'Neuen Glühlichter'. Glühlichter (21 April): 10. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1909 "EVOLUTION OF THE SPUD". By Will A. Callanan. Denver. Anti Irish postcard.
USA postcard early 20th century
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1909 "EVOLUTION OF JOHN BULL" USA postcard. |
1909 "EVOLUTION OF UNCLE SAM" USA postcard. 1910 postmark |
1909 "EVOLUTION OF A CAPITALIST" USA postcard. |
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1909 "EVOLUTION OF A FARMER" USA postcard. |
1909 "EVOLUTION OF A CHINAMAN" USA postcard. |
"EVOLUTION OF 'BROTHER'" |
EVOLUTION OF FIREMAN 1913 postmark USA |
EVOLUTION OF MILKMAN |
1911 |
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EVOLUTION OF AN IRISHMAN |
EVOLUTION OF A BAKER |
EVOLUTION OF A GERMAN |
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EVOLUTION OF A BUTCHER |
1909 "How true! How True! | DARWIN [on cover of a magazine] | IN THE GOLDEN CHAIN OF FRIENDSHIP | REGARD ME AS A 'MISSING'LINK!" By H. H. Tammen. "994". USA postcard, stamped 1912.
c.1910 Colour lithographed poster advertising "PROF. HARRY DE ROSA PRESENTS COUNT THE FIRST | A LIVING PROOF OF THE DARWIN THEORY. | AMERICA'S GREATEST MONKEY CONTEST." Donaldson & Co.
1910s "SERMONS IN NUTS. THE SIMIAN PHILOSOPHER: No, my child, never speak slightingly of Evolution. It is merely through evolutionary development that we have acquired those higher moral faculties which make it possible for us to luxuriate behind nice iron bars - bars, by the way, that completely shut out Lord Devonport and the Capitalists. Indeed, were it not for our higher evolutionary status it would not be the function of poor primitive mankind to come to us, bearing nuts, thus making it unnecessary for us to leave home when we wish to study the lower mammalia .. (Some tempers having been lost over the Ape - like Man controversy, our Cartoonist intervenes (like the Angel of Peace he is) with a little arrant nonsense ). Drawing by Will Dyson, an Australian illustrator and political cartoonist, well known for his socialist viewpoint.
1910 "The evolution of Hawley." American aeronaut Alan R. Hawley.
1910 "Don't monkey with your family tree | your ancestors may prove to have been quite intelligent." Monkey series no. 24. Corp. E. Nash 1910. USA Postcard. Posted 1915. Another card in the series makes no reference to ancestry.
1910 "GREAT DARWIN! | 'What's heredity, Bill?—'Why, blamin' it on the monkey.'" Laughter Grim and Gay 1 (23 July).
1910 The Evolution of Man: His Life and Death The Evolution of Man: His Life and Death. Anonymous poster.
1910 "Der Kampf ums Dasein." (The struggle for existence | Miss, don't forget that the rent is due the day after tomorrow. | I have not forgotten; that's why I have had two sleepless nights) Die Bombe (18 September): 8.
1907-1925 "MISSING LINK" C. Hutchins Cigar Co., USA. Cigar Label Proof. (years the company was in operation)
1910 L'évolution de la Terre et de l'Humanité. by Hettinger Philippe. Paris.
1910 "A is for Ape say what would you think If you were regarded As the missing link" New York Postcard "Alphabet Animals" series 36.
c.1910 "EVOLUTION OF THE RICH BRIDE"
c.1910 LOUIS WAIN Postcard "Ourang's Toy Shop".
c.1910 "WHICH IS IT, MAN OR MONKEY?"
1910 Gustav Hochstetter, Mit Hörrohr und Spritze : ein lustiges Buch für Aerzte und Patienten Karikaturen aus alter und neuer Zeit. Berlin: Eysler, p. 67. (Thanks to Nick Hopwood)
c.1907 "PULL HIS TAIL". postcard
c.1910s A postcard.
1911 "IN BATTERSEA PARK. | REMARKABLE CASE OR INHERITED INSTINCT DISPLAYED BY MASTER JONES, SON OF THE WELL-KNOWN CRICKETER." Punch 140 (28 June): 491.
1911? "Darwin erat philosophus." German postcard.
1911 "THE RETURN JOURNEY." By Harry Low. The Tatler (27 December): 383. "'Do you believe in the Darwinian theory, Miss Stuckup?' 'Yes, but I go further than Darwin did, for I believe some of our species have started on their return journey.'"
1912 "WARNED OFF THE TURF!" Punch (24 April): 306. "By smith's 'Humanitas' Attachment for Lawn-Mowers. The worm is necessary for ensuring the healthy state of your garden. DO NOT KILL IT.—SEE DARWIN." By George Morrow. Punch 142(3724).
1912 "Another proof of Darwin's theory" postcard.
1912 "THE EVOLUTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY." Puck (16 October).
1912 (DARWINISM IS DYING.) "PASTOR CHARLES T. RUSSELL | (DEFENDER OF THE BIBLE) | IN THE CRITICS DEN". Bible Students Monthly 4 no. 2. This caricature seems to be the first one that marks the start of the new 20th-century extreme fundamentalist creationist position.
c.1913 "An inspiring outlook. The descent of man in Uncle Sam's service." By Felix Mahony. (Library of Congress)).
1913 "THE EVOLUTION OF THE TAXIMETER." Puck (15 January).
1912 "WELDING IN THE MISSING LINK." By Lou Rogers. Judge (24 August). To an article entitle "The modern woman."
1913 "Heredity In Texas—A Darwinian Ballad" By Arthur L. Price illustrated by Fred L. Packer. San Francisco Call (6 December): 11. (Library of Congress)
1913 "Dont Monkey with the 'pure food theory' | you will starve to death." USA postcard.
1913 The Billboard 25 (22 March) copied from the famous 1892 statuette by Hugo Rheinhold (above).
c1914 "DR. HRDLICKA SAYS IT IS CONCLUSIVELY PROVE THAT MAN IS DESCENDED FROM THE APE | YET I CAN'T BELIEVE IT". Source unidentified. Three scenes show follies of modern man- the monkey is shocked because it does not want to be related to man. Anthropologist Aleš Hrdlička (1869-1943), worked at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. 1903-1913 and founded the American Journal of Physical Anthropology in 1918. See Greg Radick, The Simian tongue, 2009.
1914 "Was Cain's Wife A Monkey Woman? | The Interesting Answer of Evolutionary Science to the Perplexing Problem of Where Adam's Oldest Son Found His Mate" By Rutledge Rutherford. Omaha Daily Bee (Omaha [Neb.]) (5 July): 19. (Library of Congress)
1915 "CLUBS WE DO NOT CARE TO JOIN | THE DARWIN CLUB" by Rea Irvin. Life Magazine no. 1690 (18 March): 475.
1915 "THE EVOLUTION OF THE EVASION." Puck (20 March).
1915 "The Darwinian Theory.—The theory that we are a race descended from matinee idols." By Ralph Barton, text by G. J. Nathan. Puck (29 May): 14.
1915 "'DARWIN WAS RIGHT!' | SOLDIERS EQUIPPED FOR 'CIVILIZED' WARFARE" Evening Public Ledger (Philadelphia) (6 October): 8. Widely syndicated at the time. Reprinted in Philadelphia Public Record (6 October 1919). (Library of Congress)
1915 "EVOLUTION" On left creature emerging from "SLIME B.C. 100000" Going to right, four images of human evolution to gentleman in top hat. Last image shows man immersed in pool labelled "BLOOD." Of the trenches in WWI then raging. Life 65, 1688 (4 March): 362. A commentary on human devolution into WWI bloodshed.
1915 "Tierbild. | Darwins 'Entstehung der Arten' bei seinen Landsleuten in London, nachdem der Krieg zwanzig Jahre lang gedauert hat." (Animal portrait. Darwin's 'Origin of species' for his countrymen in London after the war has lasted twenty years.) Londoners have evolved into bats and owls from living underground and umbrella's have become iron "Zeppelin preservers". By Käthe Olshausen Schönberger (Katharina von Dombrowski). The artist was from a German-Jewish family. Fliegende Blätter 142, 3630, p. 100.
1916 "LE PRODUIT DE LA SCIENCE ALLEMANDE. PAR ZULIN." By Zulin. The product of German science, showing a group of learned men looking at a subhuman German soldier, with a lookalike Neanderthal man on display in the background making the same beckoning gesture.
1916 "THE EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN GIRL." Daily Mirror 4,007.
1916 "DARWIN WAS RIGHT | THE FIRST BOMB THROWER". Life (26 October). A German Zeppelin bombs a city just as monkey forefathers lobbed coconuts from a tree at one another...
1916 "THE EVOLUTION OF ARMY TRANSPORT". Daily Mirror (21 December).
1917 "EVOLUTION OF A FOX". Evening Telegram (New York) (October). Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff was the German ambassador to the United States of America from 1908 to 1917. (Library of Congress)
1917 "When My Great Grand Daddy And My Great Grand Mammy Used To Cuddle And Coo In A Cocoanut Tree" Music Will E. Skidmore sung by Arthur Collins. Emerson Records. USA.
1917 "AT THE ZOO. TARONGA INHABITANT (up the tree): 'To think that my descendants should come to this!'" The Australian Worker. (30 August).
1918 "IMITATIVE EVOLUTION ON THE MUNITION-WORKER'S ALLOTMENT." By Alfred Leete. Punch 155 (4 September): 156. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1918 "DISOWNED! | AND I USED TO THINK DARWIN FLATTERED ME!" By Wallgren (26 April).
1918 "THE DARWINIAN THEORY.—'I DEMAND AN HONORABLE PEACE – NO HUMILIATION' ETC. The Brooklyn Eagle calls the Hun 'a beast which talks like a man.'" Sunday Mirror (24 November). Germany on its knees depicted as an ape.
1919 "Weh dir, dass du ein Enkel bist! | 'Man möchte wirklich an der Menschheit verzweifeln!' 'Waarst halt an Aff' 'bleib'n!" (Woe to you for being a descendant! One would really like to give up on humanity! Just stick with it!). Signed Karl Arnold. Unidentified German publication vol. 12 issue 23 p. 354.
1919 "Beresford of the Baboons." Montgomery advertiser (11 May): 1. (see Library of Congress) [Movie still adverts IMDB.]
1919 "'Did my ancestors come from monkey's, mother?' | 'I can't say, love; I did not know your father's relations.'" Bamforth & Co. Warren Street, New York. Postcard.
1920s "Ein Vorschlag zur Gute." ("We can now bring the stories in the Bible into agreement with the natural sciences. According to the latest research, Adam did not accept the apple from Eve; our first mother therefore gave it to a gorilla. An thus Darwin's theory is proven.") By Olaf Gulbransson. Simplicimus.
1920 "Professor: 'Do you believe in the Darwinian theory, Mr. Smythe?' | Mr. Smythe: 'I am inclined to go further then Darwin did and believe that some members of our species have started on the return trip!" The Land (Sydney, NSW) (3 December): 22. (TROVE)
1920 "'If human beings originated from monkeys, what did monkey's originate from?' 'Bolscheviki.'" By Thomas Sullivant (1824-1926). Life.
1920 "THE ETERNAL STRUGGLE—500,000 YEARS OLD | In this picture you see yourself and every other human being. Conscious Mind, on the left, our guiding power only recently developed, inside our skulls, tries to lead us in the right direction. Our animal instincts, represented by our various relations in the lower animal world. Mr. [Winsor] McCay shows you pulling in the other direction. …" Washington Times (Washington [D.C.]) (19 September): 1. (Library of Congress)
1920 "L'homme est le seul animal de la creation qui soit mechant sans profit, sans but, sans necessite, pour le simple plaisir d'etre mechant…" Charles Darwin. (Collection Kharbine-Tapabor)
1920 "Im Reiche der Waschfrau." (In the kingdom of the washerwoman) Kikeriki (Vienna) (25 January): Anti-immigration and unskilled labour. Real Austrians may have to leave the country and get jobs as a "missing link" (given in English, not German) in museums to earn a living. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1920 Motion Picture News (21 August): 1465.
1921 "Als der Stammvater die Stammutter nahm!" (When the ancestral father wed the ancestral mother, monkeys) By Th. Strauss. Fliegende Blätter 154, 3940, p. 34. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1921 "INHERITED" Doggerel verses by George Thomson. Good Morning III, no.1 (1 January): 9.
1921 "This is the kind of bridge they'd have us cross." By Abell. Moody Bible Institute Monthly (April). Stones supporting the bridge to "GLORY" have been replaced by thin planks of unacceptable beliefs including "EVOLUTION".
1921 "'BACKWARD, MOVE BACKWARD' | 'A New York man is to have monkey glands planted in his body to restore youthful vigor.'— News item." Chicago Tribune (reprinted in Moody Bible Institute Monthly 22, 7 (November): 658 et al. After injection the man swings around the room with the last of six panels reading: "Operation a great success proving that mankind can retrace the steps he came by evolution". The patient is clutching a bust of "DARWIN". It accompanies and article titled 'Some question marks about evolution.' This is a reference to the notorious treatments of Dr Serge Voronoff who claimed human ageing could be slowed or reversed by transplanting monkey testicles.
1920s. "Teoria di Darwin". Italian postcard.
1920s. "THEM DAYS IS GONE FOREVER". By A. Posen. Chicago Daily Tribune (14 April): 32.
1922 by Tad Dorgan (Thomas Aloysius Dorgan), from his series Judge Rummy. (December) International Features.
1922 "METEMPSYCHOSIS" By W. Simmons. Life (March?): 21.
1922 "The Head of Professor Penola: The story of a man who became a gorilla." By William P. Barron. The Chicago Ledger (6 May) 50(18) (chapter 2). (Falvey Library, Villanova University)
1922 "THE DESCENT OF MAN". The Communist (London) (6 August): 7.
1922 "PROOF AGAINST DARWIN". By Herbert Johnson. Saturday Evening Post (29 April). Caged politicians and voters as "specimens of the human race | descended from the ape" while William Jennings Bryan shouts that an ape is innocent.
Nd "Before After CONVERSION | It must be admitted he does resemble a brute; but evolution never produced this!" By Abell.
1922 "The Age of Reason/ 'Why don't you like this animal alphabet Aunt Abbie sent you?' Ralph Waldo Higginthwaite: It does not interest me, mamma—it takes no cognizance whatever of the theory of evolution." Life (8 June).
1922 "Deszendenz-Angst | 'Nein, Afferl, mit dir lass' ich mich nicht ein. Sonst könnt' am End' der alte Darwin recht haben und vom Afferl ein Menscherl abstammen!'" (Descent Angst | 'No, no little monkey, I won't get involved with you. Otherwise, in the end, old Darwin could be right and a little human could come from the monkey) Die Muskete (20 December): 9. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1922 "Missing Link Still Missing" By Walters. Idaho Recorder (Salmon City, Idaho) (24 March): 6. (Library of Congress)
1922 "Zukunfstsbild." (Image of the future). "Die letzten Menschen haben einander umgebracht. Jetzt heißt es, wieder von vorn anfangen." (The last people killed each other. Now it is time to start from the beginning.) Simplicissimus 27, 23 (6 September): cover. Stoic ape sits atop shattered tree while below the last humans have killed one another.
1922 "NOT EVOLUTION, PERHAPS, BUT—" By Mr. McCay. Washington Times (14 May): 1. (Library of Congress)
"Here Is Part of the Long Animal Procession.
Upward from the Ancient Past, Lost in the Darkness of Millions of Years Ago, to the Present World of Active Life as We See It.
There Is Much Discussion About "The Descent of Man," About Evolution, Some Denying Without Knowing the Facts, and Others Affirming What They Also Do Not Know.
Whatever Be the Truth, It Is Certain That One Form Has Followed Another in the Earth's History, as in This Picture of the Primitive Man, the Huge Ape, the Lower Ape, and the Lemur Follow Each Other. Back of Them Stands the Salamander of Ten Million Years Ago, Supposed to Have Given to All of Them Their Five Fingers and Toes."
1922 "He didn't come to pick oranges!" Los Angeles Times (23 May) William Jennings Bryan is attacking evolutionary theory.
The Rev. Ernest James Pace (1879-1946) was both an artist and Director of the Missionary Course for Moody Bible Institute from 1917-1921. Many of his cartoons attacked evolution. They are given here as a set and not chronologically according to the rest of the catalogue of evolution caricatures.
1919 "Considering what we sprang from, we've made, with all our faults, most commendable progress upward. | 'God be merciful to me a sinner.' | 'He hath whereof to glory; but not before God.' Rom. 4:2 | It make a difference which you believe! | The Lesson Cartoon for This Week". By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (19 April). American Sunday-School Union.
1919 "When faith sees Jesus" among the distractions from faith is a work of "EVOLUTION". By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (1 November).
1920s "THE ENTERING WEDGE" Hands labelled "RATIONALISM" hold sledgehammer driving "THEISTIC EVOLUTION" wedge into a log labelled "FAITH IN THE BIBLE". By Ernest James Pace. USA Source unidentified.
(Bioloa University Library Special Collections)
1921 "The wisdom of this world" donkey stands on books including "DARWINISM" and "RELIGIOUS EVOLUTION OF MAN". "Behold thy god, O church, that will bring thee into the promised land". By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (16 October).
(Bioloa University Library Special Collections)
1920 October. By Ernest James Pace. USA Source unidentified.
(Bioloa University Library Special Collections)
1918? Killing' six birds with one stone." By Ernest James Pace. USA Source unidentified.
(Bioloa University Library Special Collections)
1922 Siamese Twins Higher Criticism. By Ernest James Pace. (9 October). USA Source unidentified.
1922 "ANCESTOR WORSHIP" A man praying to a statue of a chimpanzee on a plinth reading "DARWINIAN HYPOTHESIS OF EVOLUTION". On his back is written "SCIENCE FALSELY SO-CALLED". By Ernest James Pace. Moody Bible Institute Monthly 22, 7 (March): 849.
1922 "THE DESCENT OF THE MODERNISTS" men descend a dark stairway with steps labelled, "CHRISTIANITY | BIBLE NOT FALLIBLE | MAN NOT MADE IN GOD'S IMAGE | NO MIRACLES | NO VIRGIN BIRTH | NO DEITY | NO ATONEMENT | NO RESURRECTION | AGNOSTICISM | ATHEISM". By Ernest James Pace. Likely a reference to Darwin's Descent of Man. The Sunday School Times.
1922 "LEAKING BADLY AND HEADED FOR THE EARTH" A leaking hot-air balloon labelled "DARWINIAN HYPOTHESIS OF EVOLUTION" with gondola labelled "SCIENCE FALSELY SO-CALLED" floats below clouds labelled "SPECULATION" and above the ground labelled "FACTS". By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (3 June).
1922 "ANOTHER PIED PIPER" | A piper labelled "SCIENCE FALSELY SO-CALLED" leads students onto a "THE PATH OF EDUCATION" playing "DARWINIAN HYPOTHESIS OF EVOLUTION" towards a cave labelled "DISBELIEF IN THE GOD OF THE BIBLE". By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (13 May). Reprinted in William Jennings Bryan's 1924 book Seven questions in dispute.
1922 "THE VIPERS' NEST" Snakes labelled "infidelity, atheism, unbelief, irreverence" escape a tree labelled "DARWINIAN EVOLUTION" being chopped down by a man with labelled "CHRISTIAN SENTIMENT OF THE LAND". In the lower left is a Bible quote. By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (30 September).
1922 "IN SUPPORT OF DARWIN'S THEORY. | Percy Putty has never accepted Darwin's theory. His wife, however, is struck by certain resemblances." By C. D. Batchelor. Kansas City Times (8 November). Reprinted in the Exhibitors Herald (2 December 1922), Casper Daily Tribune (Casper, Wyo.) (8 April 1923): 5 with the title "THE HUMAN ZOO".
1922 "PROOF AGAINST DARWIN Specimens of the human race | descended from the ape" By Herbert Johnson. Saturday Evening Post (29 April): 23.
1923 "DIGGING UP ANOTHER ARGUMENT" Columbus Dispatch. Reprinted in Los Angeles Times (23 March).
1923 "EVOLUTION AND THE SCHOOL" Dallas Morning News (17 April). Reprinted in Scientific Monthly (June) "Interestingly enough, the Dallas Morning News typically took the evolutionists' side during the Scopes trial." From Mark Aldrich's excellent Cartooning Evolution, 1861-1925.
1923 Men gossip about national problems when one things evolution is something of the same order. Life (4 July).
1923 "CONVERSION" | "BEFORE | It must admitted he does resemble a brute;" [A drunken man threatens wife and child] and "AFTER | but evolution never produced this!" By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (14 July).
1923 "The Family Album | Result of the Process of Evolution!" On left page is a sad monkey sitting on a branch. On the right page is a donkey dressed in academic garb holding a diploma with a tag reading JA (perhaps meaning jackass). In an article by W. B. Riley article 'Shall we longer tolerate the teaching of evolution?' King's Business (August): 809.
1923 "EVOLUTION OF THE CHILD WORKER) Railroad Democracy (alternative title: Labor) (18 August)
1924 "The Lesson Cartoon for This Week" Genie emerging from a bottle labelled "DARWINISM". The genie holds a club reading "MIGHT MAKES RIGHT" and on him is written "SPIRIT OF LAWLESSNESS". Next is to him is a kneeling man holding the top to the bottle and next to him is a label reading "SCIENCE FALSELY SO CALLED". By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (19 January).
1924 "THE UNSOLVED PROBLEM: CHIMPANZEE AND ORANG-UTANG." By J. A. Shepherd. The Sketch (6 February): 262.
1924 "True science never wears blinders" Man with mortar board wearing blinders reading "MIRACLES CAN'T HAPPEN" holding a pamphlet titled "THE EVIDENCE FOR CHRIST'S MIRACLES", text below crossed out, with "SCIENCE FALSELY SO-CALLED" on his gown. By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (26 July).
(Bioloa University Library Special Collections)
1924 "End Of The Road! | The Way Of Evolution | The Wisdom Of This World | Faith In God." By Ernest James Pace. (28 September). USA Source unidentified.
1924 "Interpreting Darwin" Sauk Centre Herald (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) (20 March): 5. "Miss Grace Everest, who has been voted the most original girl at Brenau college, Atlanta, Ga., in an interpretation of the Darwinian theory." (Library of Congress)
1924 "Le bestie umane | Rubrica quasi scientifica, meta zoo, meta logica e meta…morfosi, ella quale si vede come — con buona pace del Signore Darwin — non tutti gli uomini discendono dalle scimmie" Il Travaso delle idee
Benito Mussolini "shows how - with all due respect to Mr Darwin - not all men descend from apes" (Italy).
1924 "Refuting Darwin, or No Descent." By Wallgren. American Legion Weekly, p. 12.
1924 "COLOURED BOOK-JACKET SUGGESTIONS. | SINCE THE PURPOSE OF THE COLOURED JACKET ON A BOOK SEEMS TO BE THE STRESSING OF THE 'HE-AND-SHE' ELEMENT REGARDLESS OF APPROPRIATENESS TO THE CONTENTS, WHAT ABOUT THE FOLLOWING?— | The Origin of Species | by CHARLES DARWIN | A CHARMING TALE OF ROMANCE IN THE HEART OF THE FOREST….." Punch Summer Number (16 June). Signed Jungasie?
1924 "LIFE's Fundamentalist Museum". By Oliver Herford. Life (1 May), Reprinted in Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1 (October 1828): 16. "'Funnymental' Museum" "According to Law—In Arkansaw". Funnymental being a joke rendition of 'fundamentalist' hence the 'museum' is full of biblical objects/references.
1924 Jocko-Homo: Heavenbound. By B. H. Shadduck. Ohio. Art by F. W. Alden. The Rev. Bertram Henry Shadduck was an evangelical Methodist minister who published about a dozen anti-evolution booklets.
1925 "TOO BAD WE LOST OUR TAILS | How Handy They Would Be." Source unidentified.
1925 "EVOLUTION—1950". People have evolved to have wheel, long legs and arms as needed. Source unidentified.
1925 "EVOLUTION 'TIS 'TISN'T!" Drawing by Frank Kettlewell (1889-1969). For Oakland Tribune. It is being shouted over the radio that evolution 'it isn't [real]!'
1925 "700,000 Years of Progress" By Alfred Frueh. The New Yorker (25 July).
1925 Puddle to Paradise. Ashtabula, OH: Homo Pub. Co. By B. H. Shadduck. Cover art by F. W. Alden. This was the best-selling booklet in Dayton, Tennessee during the Scopes trial. Illustrations in this and later editions included:
1925 Advert in The Bible Champion.
1925 The Toadstool Among the Tombs by B. H. Shadduck. Illustrations by F. W. Alden:
1925 Radio Digest (25 April).
1925 "NATURAL SELECTION". By Herbert Johnson. Saturday Evening Post (17 May): 33.
1925 "MODERNE THEOLOGISCHE KWESTIES". (MODERN THEOLOGICAL ISSUES) De Groene Amsterdammer (Amsterdam) (19 September). "Caricature comparing the Geelkerken case in the Netherlands ('Did the serpent really speak?') to the 'monkey trial' in the USA in which a serpent and an ape are portrayed as 'the interested parties' in 'modern theological issues.'" Stefaan Blancke, Abraham C. Flipse, and Johan Braeckman, Creationism in Europe, 2014, pp. 65-84.
1925 "THE DARWIN (ADELAIDE) THEORY—Survival of the Fittest by Natural Selection." Sunday Times (Perth, WA) (11 January): 21. (TROVE)
1925 "'WE ARE ALL DESCENDED FROM MONKEYS, THIS DESCENT TOOK PLACE A LONG TIME AGO, AND THERE IS NO SHAME IN IT NOW.'" Stephen Leacock, New Light on the Doctrine of Darwin Obtained from Experts and Students. Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) (March): 5. (Library of Congress).
1926 "EXTRORDINARY OUTBURST" Punch 170 (10 March): 273.
1925 "THE RED DAWN OF REVOLUTION | RADICALISM IS BORN IN THE JUNGLE WHEN A YOUNG INTELLECTUAL STANDS UP AND DECIDES TO BECOME A MAN." Life (May): 9.
1925 "Evolution of a hermit crab into a sheep. By holding this diagram before a mirror, you can trace the evolution of a sheep into a hermit crab." Life (June).
1925 "Evolution of the fig leaf" Los Angeles Times (27 June).
1925 "GOOD OLD DAYS". By Frueh. Life (July): 4-5. A civilised gent etc. descend down steps to a bewildered looking ape in a tree.
1925 "A first class conflagration needed." "THAT HEAVEN SENT REVIVAL" is a forest fire driving before us various 'evils' including "crime" (a wild boar) and "EVOLUTION" which a fleeing chimpanzee. By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (12 September).
1925 "EVOLUTION. | Are we descended from monkeys? | Certainly. But not so far." Puck 64(1656) (25 November). Left panel a monkey running with coconut; right panel a human running under goal posts with rugby ball in identical pose.
1925 "The very Idea!! To say they're ancestors of ours!!" "Sometimes unfair to the apes." Philadelphia Inquirer. (TROVE)
1926 "WRITING ON THE SAND | all is explained by evolution" written by a man in academic dress labelled "SCIENCE FALSELY SO-CALLED" By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (27 March).
1926 "Hat Darwin recht?" (Was Darwin right?) Die Leuchtrakete 4 (April): 2. A satirical Austrian magazine published 1923-1934. Here the caricaturist makes fun of the Nazis as not human progress as Darwin was believed to have said or that a Nazi youth like this truly looks like he is descended from an ape.
1926 Life (May): 22. One of the moments in the history of thought is the 1925 Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution. One of the men on the left holds a book "DARWIN".
1926 "Scientists Tells Us That Everything Moves in Cycles" Atlanta Constitution (31 December).
1926 "100 Questions for Teachers of Evolution." by B. H. Shadduck, art by F. W. Alden.
1926 Atlanta Constitution (31 December).
1927 Film poster for "The Missing Link." "Arthur Wells (Syd Chaplin), an impoverished poet, impersonates a big-game hunter in an attempt to locate the missing link. However, the poet has an aversion to animals...tame or wild" (IMDb).
1927 "THE DESCENT OF MAN." Leeds Mercury (24 November): 4.
1927 "…READY TO COME BACK— TO THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE." Punch (24 August): 205.
1927 "OUR POOR RELATIONS CALL AGAIN | "HUMAN RACE" "FUNDAMENTALIST" [rolling pin wielding wife shouts at her "SCIENTIST" [husband]" Chicago Tribune (2 September).
1927 "NEED FOR A SPEEDIER HUMAN EVOLUTION." Daily Mirror (5 September).
1927 "Husband. 'I see that these scientists are saying that our ancestors were jellyfish." Wife. "Perhaps, dear, but not on my side of the family.'" By Arthur Wallis Mills. Punch 172 (14 September): 299.
1927 "A Startling Angle on the Old Theory." Smith's Weekly (Sydney, NSW) (22 October): 14 (TROVE) Sensationalism unbound. An elaborate caricature.
1927 "'Increasing knowledge and; careful inquiry have confirmed Darwin's assertion that. man is descended' from the ape. It has stood the test of over half a century's critical examination. — " The Bishop of Birmingham (Dr. Barnes), in a sermon at Westminster Abbey. MR. SYDNEY; It's nothing to laugh at. Personally, 1 can see no evidence whatsoever that man has descended from the apes.' The Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW) (28 September): 2. (TROVE)
1927 "What Is Evolution? | Darwin didn't say we came from this." Eslie Robinson, Listen world! Washington Times (18 February): 1. (Library of Congress)
1927 "GOSH! MEBBE DARWIN WAS RIGHT" Douglas Daily Dispatch (Douglas, Ariz.) (31 July): 2. (Library of Congress)
1927 "Was it Adam or an Ape? | PRESENT ENGLISH CHURCH DISPUTE CENTRES ROUND DARWINISM | WHAT DARWINS THEORY WAS —A PLAIN STATEMENT OF FACTS — ON THE LITTLE KNOWN BUT MUCH DISCUSSED EVOLUTION". Mirror (Perth, WA) 22 October): 12. (TROVE)
1927 Ape holds a newspaper "The Jungle News" with headline "PRESIDENT OF BRITISH SCIENCE ASSOCIATION DECLARES DARWIN WAS RIGHT." New York World. Reprinted in Scientific Monthly (October).
1927 "NEW UMBRELLA MISTER?" "SCIENTIFIC PROOF OF EVOLUTION" rains on man labelled "FUNDMENTALISM" holding a useless "BIBLICAL QUOTATION" umbrella as he stands in a puddle of "IGNORANACE". By Nate Collier (1883-1961), a prolific freelance American cartoonist. Evolution, a Journal of Nature 1, 1 (December): 9. On same page as article by Horace J. Bridges "Science Will Be Free". Joe Cain first brought this journal to our attention.
1927 "HERE'S A PORTRAIT of the editor's great, great, great, great…grandfather." Evolution, a Journal of Nature 1, 1 (December): 16.
1928 "THE ENTHRONEMENT OF THE APE". Alibi, Lullaby, By-by. By B. H. Shadduck. (evangelical booklet).
1928 The Gee-Haw of the Modern Jehu. By B. H. Shadduck. Art by F. W. Alden. Gee and haw are voice commands used to tell a draft animal to turn right or left.
1928 Rastus Agustus explains evolution. By B. H. Shadduck. Art by F. W. Alden.
1928 "TREE OF KNOWLEDGE" with the fruits of "EVOLUTION" "ARCHEOLOGY" and "BIOLOGY". Minister labelled "FUNDAMENTALISM" stops "OUR CHILDREN" from approaching the tree. By Nate Collier. Evolution, a Journal of Nature 1, 2 (January): 16.
1928 "THROTTLING THE SCHOOLS" | Lecturer "FUNDAMENTALIST" points to a poster labelled "MONKEY" who looks like him. He says "BRETHERN AN' SISTERS I HAVE NEVER NOTED THE SLIGHTEST RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN MAN AND MONKEY, HAVE YOU?" By Nate Collier. Evolution, a Journal of Nature 1, 3 (February): 16.
1928 "'Ain't it awful, mother, the way our ancestors have to beg for money!'" Söndagsnisse-Strix (Stockholm). Reprinted in Life (February): 30.
1928 "SEEDS OF THE WEEDS OF IGNORANCE | SCIENTIFICI EVOLUTION | 'While men slept his enemy came and sowed Tares among the wheat and went his way'." By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature. 1 (March): 16. UCL historian of science Joe Cain brought this little known periodical to the fore and even digitized all four editions and made them freely available online. Since then they have been included in the large online databases of periodicals.
1928 "'The Dinosaur and Mastodon became extinct not because of evolutionary changes, but because they were too big to be got into Noah's Ark.' Founder and President of World's Christian Fundamentals Association, in debate in Los Angeles." By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature. 1 (April): 16.
1928 "THE KIND-HEARTED CLERIC THROWS OUT THE LIFE LINE". By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1 (July): 16.
1928 "RED RUSSIAN RAVAGES" Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1, 9 (October): 12. Originally form the Defender (July).
1928 "THE KIDNAPPERS". By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature. 1 (August): 16. Evolution: A Journal of Nature. 1 (August): 16.
1928 "PITHECOPHOBIA | ANTI-EVOLUTION REFERENDUM IN ARKANSIS | OUR PITHE-COUSIN". Evolution: A Journal of Nature. 1 (September): 16.
1928 "According to Law – In Arkansaw" Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1, 9 (October): 16. "Funnymetal" Museum as pictured in "Life" by Oliver Herford. Reprinted with their kind consent. Copyright, 1924, by Life Pub. Co.
1928 Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1, 10 (November): 14. Originally from the Defender (October 28).
1828 "IT AIN'T BOZO WE'RE SO SKEERED OF!" Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1, 10 (November): 15. Reprinted form Commercial Appeal (14 November).
1928 Christian Defender (24 November).
1928 "ANOTHER FAMILY ROW" Chicago Tribune (1 December). Arkansas passed an anti-evolution law in 1928. Reprinted in Evolution (November 1828).
1828 "FORBIDDEN FRUIT | EVOLUTION OR THE DARWINIAN THEORY" Cleveland Press (15 November). Reprinted in Evolution (November 1828). In the first panel the schoolboy is secretly reading a comic book when the teacher tells them they must not learn anything about evolution. Thus, in the second panel, while the teacher sleeps, the boy now secretly reads "EVOLUTION THE DARWINIAN THEORY".
1928 "Will He Wake up in Time" By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1, 10 (November): 16.
1928 "Father, Mother and Child | Strange Family in the Field Museum. | COULD THESE BE OUR RELATIVES? Hardly." Washington Times (Washington [D.C.]) (26 May): 20. (Library of Congress)
1928 "No Wonder the Monkeys Are Worried (Newspaper Enterprise Association)" (24 November).
1928 "TREE OF KNOWLEDGE | THOU SHALT NOT" By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature 1, 2 (January): 15.
1929 A person labelled "ARKANSAS" has his head stuck in the sand with a note "THERE AINT NO SUCH ANIMAL" while an ape labelled "EVOLUTION" looks puzzled. Evolution: A Journal of Nature 2, 1 (January): 16.
1929 "Afraid of his own shadow" Man wearing top hat with ribbon reading "FUNDAMENTALISM" seeing his shadow as an ape. By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature 2, 2 (March): 16.
1929 "The Pilot: 'Give us all the sail you've got, and heave the ballast overboard." which is "THE BIBLE". The boat labelled "POPLUAR EDUCATION" is steered by an academic and the sail reads "GOD-DENYING THEORY OF EVOLUTION". The boat is headed to a rock labelled "INFIDELITY". By Ernest James Pace. Sunday School Times (January).
1929 "EDUCATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY" By Fitzpatrick. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Reprinted in the Chicago Tribune (29 March).
1929 Untitled illustration to a reader's letter. If we still had tails as per Darwin, how useful when travelling in public transport that would be. Liberty (USA) 6(15) (20 April). See strap-hangers.
1929 The World's News (Sydney, NSW) (24 April): 39. (TROVE) Based on a 1920 cartoon with the same caption.
1929 "ONWARD CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS! [...] THIS WAY TO WAR ON EVOLUTION." By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature 2, 5 (August): 16.
1929 [Untitled cartoon of caveman family] By Pip. Daily Herald (30 December): 4. Man's family affairs ten million years ago by M. F. Ashley-Montagu- against H. F. Osborne.
1930 "DARWINISM AT SEA! Sailor: 'Man overboard!' Voice from Bridge: 'Who is it?' Sailor: 'The skipper's monkey.''" By Charles Grave. The Sketch (19 May): 522.
(Bioloa University Library Special Collections)
1930 "How can you expect a kettle to boil on a cake of ice? | Conclusions Of The Evolution Theory" (30 March).
1930 "THE GREAT BETRAYAL" with poster on fence conceding "THAT THE SIX DAYS OF CREATION MENTIONED IN THE BIBLE WERE NOT SIX LITERALS DAYS!" By Nate Collier. Evolution: A Journal of Nature 3, 1 (June): 20
1930 "The Mystery of Life" by Clarence Darrow, movie poster.
1930 "DARWINISME | een studie over evolutie, selectie, mutatie. By Tjerk Bottema. De Notenkraker. A satirical Dutch magazine. This used the same title as a 1910 book on evolution by Jan R. Slootemaker de Bruïne.
1930 "INGAGI | (GORILLA) | AMAZING | WEIRD, | THRILLING! | The Most Astounding Film Ever Screened | WAS DARWIN RIGHT?" Washington Times (Washington [D.C.]) (3 May): 9. (Library of Congress) A racist cartoon.
1931 "HOOTS! — SANDY, WEE LADDIE, THE EVOLUTIONISTS CANNA MAKE MONKEY'S OUTER WE". Evolution: A Journal of Nature 3 (February): 20.
1931 "MAROONED! | NOAH'S EXCURSIONS" Evolution: A Journal of Nature 3, 3 (June): 20.
1931 "NEWS ITEM—THE TENNESSEE ASSEMBLY VOTES 58 to 14 AGAINST REPEAL OF LAW PROHBITING THE TEACHING OF EVOLUTION" Chicago Tribune (12 June).
1932 "Survival of the Fittest | … Why worry about motor accidents? Nature will probably evolve a human species immune from the juggernaut—in time." Daily Mirror (23 May).
1932 "THE BRAY BETRAYS HIM 'SCIENCE FALSELY SO-CALLED' a FUNDAMENTALISM" donkey in lion's clothing labelled the pseudoscientific "SCIENCE RESEARCH BUREAU" of the "American Science Foundation". Evolution: A Journal of Nature 3, 4 (May): 16.
1933 "'Ich glaube, Darwin hat recht! Trotz der kolossal fortgeschrittenen Degeneration ist noch immer eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit unverkennbar!''" Drawing by K. A. Wilke. Die Muskete (23 February). (I think Darwin is right! Despite the colossally advanced degeneration, a certain similarity is still unmistakable!)
1933 "Darwin im Dritten Reich verboten" (Darwin is Forbidden in Nazi Germany). Source unidentified.
1933 In Deutschland wurden die Bücher Darwins. Nazi ideology apparently mocked. Source unidentified.
1933 "Ich glaube, Darwin hat recht! Trotz der kolossal fortgeschrittenen Degeneration ist noch immer eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit unverkennbar!" (I believe Darwin is right!" Despite the colossal degeneration, there is still a certain amount of similarity is still recognisable.) By K. A. Wilke. Die Muskete (23 February): 6. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)
1933 "Jungle Opinion." Washington Post (25 October). Once again monkeys outraged at the idea of being related to corrupt human beings.
1933 "Der Habichthyosaurus | Im Naturhistorischen Museum anno 2000 | 'Und hier sehen Sie das Urviech, das vor zirka sieben Jahrzehnten unsere westlichen Grenzen unsicher gemacht hat.'" With signs reading: "Der sogen. 'Mensch' v. Braunau'" ([on Hitler skeleton: 'The so-called man of Braunau [birthplace of Hitler]". "Saal 493 Ausgrabungen der Neo-Barbarischen Epoche" (Hall 493 Excavations from the neo-barbaric era); "Nachgedunkelter Schrumpf-Germane. sog. 'Schädel des Goebbels'" "Grab Funde Zweck unbekannt" (Grave good function unknown). A short anti-Nazi poem follows mentioning Darwin "Meinung der Affen". Götz von Berlichingen (3 November): 3. (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) Representing a museum of the distant future when the primitive Nazis will be a curiosity.
1934 "It is evolution, not revolution, gentlemen!" Clifford Kennedy Berryman. 'Drawing shows Franklin D. Roosevelt presenting a sequence of illustrations that depicts a professor transforming into a tree with New Deal programs on its branches.' (Library of Congress)
1934 "OUT ANTI-EVOLUTION LAW | Brother, you're fixin' to make yourself unconstitutional in Tennessee too!" holding newspaper headline "NRA changes to come through evolution." The book under the ape's arm says "Darwin" Chicago Tribune (10 October).
1935 [A man reading "DARWIN" falls down the stairs (a reference to the Descent of man)] Let's Laugh: A Book of Humorous Inventions; Contrived by Heath Robinson with a Foreword by K.R.G. Browne. London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd.
1935 "Lauf zu, mein Süßer, in alle Welt | Und nur nach Tennessee nicht, | Dort lebt deine Nachkommenschaft und stellt | Den Ahnherrn vor das Gericht. | Wie gegen Meister Darwin sie | Voll wütenden Eifers wettern! | Was hältst du davon, mein liebes Vieh? | Und Jimbo brummt voll Ironie: | 'Man möcht' auf die Bäume klettern!& Drawing by Sergius Hruby. Die Muskete (8 November): 13. (Run, my sweet, all over the world | And only not to Tennessee, | There your descendants live and bring | The ancestor to court. | How they rail against Master Darwin | Full of furious zeal! | What do you think of that, my dear beast? | And Jimbo mutters full of irony: | 'One would like to climb the trees!') Reprinted from Mocca (September 1929).
1935 "EN MARGE DE DARWIN" (On Darwin's side ) Cover of Les Hommes du jour Satirique en N & B (28 November): front cover.
1935 "Am 12. Februar 'Warum erhalten denn die Affen heute doppeltes Futter?' | 'Heute hat doch Darwin Geburtstag!'" (On 12 February. 'Why do the apes receive double food today?' 'Today is Darwin's birthday!') Fliegende Blätter 183, 4666, p. 2. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg)
1935 "DARWIN THEORY DENIED | The ape — now NEVER claim relationship with me again! | Sir John Ambrose Fleming, a leading scientist, vigorously challenges the whole Darwinian theory of evolution." News (Adelaide, SA) (16 January): 4. (TROVE)
1936 "THE SACRED PILLAR OF 'EVOLUTION'. | HYPOTHESES ALL!" Caveman stands on stack of rocks with various evolutionary themes such survival of the fittest, natural selection, etc. questioning the veracity of evolution. By W. D. Ford from Why Be An Ape? Observations on Evolution by Newman Watts.
1936 "Our anti-evolution law— | Brother, you're fixin' to make yourself unconstitutional in Tennessee, too!" Nashville Tennessean. Reference is to a newspaper headline "NRA changes to come through evolution." Parrish--NRA tests it Constitutionality with Darwin. (Library of Congress)
1937 "PROGRESS OF EVOLUTION IN TENNESSEE | "MONKEY LAW [and] PRESS GAG LAW". St. Louis Post-Dispatch reprinted in Chicago Tribune (8 February).
1937 "NATURE FAKIRS". Evolution: A Journal of Nature 4, 1 (June): 16.
1937 "EVOLUTION IN REVERSE—GOING BACK UP THE TREE". Six monkeys representing Spain, Fascism, Russia, militarism, Nazi-ism and Brazil. A commentary on several countries exhibiting a trend towards political extremism of various sorts implying devolution. Chicago Tribune (16 December).
1930s "MOKO the 'missing link' is he man or is he monkey…or Darwin's 'link' A throw back." Carnival sideshow using a microcephalic person.
1938 "POOR LITTLE MONKEY?" Evolution: A Journal of Nature 4, 2 (January): 16.
1938 "EVOLUTION" Washington Post (25 September). Jack-booted marching Nazis follow in the footsteps of a brutish cave man image.
1939 "EVOLUTION." by George Adamson. Source unidentified.
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"The Big Baboon / The Big Baboon is found upon | The plains of Cariboo:" |
"He goes about | with nothing on | (A shocking thing to do)." |
"But if he | dressed respectably | And let his whiskers grow," |
"How like this Big Baboon would be | To Mister So-and-so!" |
c.1940 "Book of beasts". H. Belloc, Cautionary verses: Illustrated album edition with the original pictures by B.T.B. and Nicolas Bentley. Edinburgh: Duckworth. First published 1940, reprinted 1947, pp. 39-42. John van Wyhe is grateful to the late John Elliott for sharing these.
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