Origin of Species Variorum

Comparison with 1861

isolated stations, where they have been subjected to less severe competition, and where they have existed in scanty numbers, which, as already explained, retards the chance of favourable variations arising.

Finally, I believe that lowly organised forms now exist in numbers throughout the world, and in nearly every class, from various causes. In some cases favourable variations may never have arisen for natural selection to act on and accumulate. In no case, probably, has time sufficed for the utmost possible amount of development. In some few cases there may have been what we must call retrogression of organisation. But the main cause lies in the circumstance that under very simple conditions of life a high organisation would be of no service,— possibly would be of actual disservice, as being of a more delicate nature, and more liable to be put out of order and thus injured.

A difficulty, diametrically opposite to this which we have just been considering, has been advanced, namely, looking to the dawn of life, when all organic beings, as we may imagine, presented the simplest structure, how could the first steps in advancement or in the differentiation and specialisation of parts have arisen? I can make no sufficient answer; and can only say that as we have no facts to guide us, all speculation on the subject would be baseless and useless. ↑ It is, however, an error to suppose that there would be no struggle for existence, and, consequently, no natural selection, until many forms had been produced: variations in a single species inhabiting an isolated station might be beneficial, and through their preservation either the whole mass of individuals might become modified, or two distinct forms might arise. But I must recur to what was stated

peculiar stations, where they have been subjected to less severe competition, and where their scanty numbers have retarded the chance of favourable variations arising.

Finally, I believe that many lowly organised forms now exist .. throughout the world, ... from various causes. In some cases variations or individual differences of a favourable nature may never have arisen for natural selection to act on and accumulate. In no case, probably, has time sufficed for the utmost possible amount of development. In some few cases there has been what we must call retrogression of organisation. But the main cause lies in the fact that under very simple conditions of life a high organisation would be of no service,— possibly would be of actual disservice, as being of a more delicate nature, and more liable to be put out of order and .. injured.

... Looking to the first dawn of life, when all organic beings, as we may believe, presented the simplest structure, how, it has been asked, could the first steps in the advancement or differentiation of parts have arisen? ↑ Mr. Herbert Spencer would probably answer that as soon as .. simple unicellular organism came by growth or division to be compounded of several cells, or became attached to any supporting surface, his law ... "that homologous units of any order become differentiated in proportion as their relations to incident forces become different" would come into action. But as we have no facts to guide us, all speculation on the subject is useless. It is, however, an error to suppose that there would be no struggle for existence, and, consequently, no natural selection, until many forms had been produced: variations in a single species inhabiting an isolated station might be beneficial, and thus the whole mass of individuals might be modified, or two distinct forms might arise. But, as I remarked