Origin of Species Variorum

Comparison with 1872

resemble each other much more closely than do the adults, just as we have seen in the case of pigeons. We may extend this view to whole families or even classes. The fore-limbs, for instance, which served as legs in the parent-species, may become, by a long course of modification, adapted in one descendant to act as hands, in another as paddles, in another as wings; and on the above two principles— namely of each successive modification supervening at a rather late age, and being inherited at a corresponding late age— the fore-limbs in the embryos of the several forms; although in each form the fore-limb will differ greatly in the adult state. ↑ Whatever influence long-continued use or disuse may have had in modifying the limbs or other parts of any species, this will chiefly or solely have affected it when nearly mature, when it was compelled to use its full powers of activity and has to gain its own living; and the effects thus produced will have been transmitted to the offspring at a corresponding nearly mature age. Whereas the young will not be modified, or will be modified only in a slight degree, through the effects of the increased use or disuse of parts.

With some animals the successive steps of variation might supervene, from causes of which we are wholly ignorant, at a very early period of life, or each step might be inherited at an earlier period than that at which it first appeared. In either of these cases, the young or embryo will closely resemble the mature parent-form, as we have seen with the short-faced tumbler. We have seen that this is the rule of development in certain whole groups, or in certain sub-groups alone, as with cuttle-fish and spiders, and with a few members of the great class of insects, as with Aphis. With respect to the final cause of the young in such groups not passing through any metamorphosis, or closely resembling their parents from their earliest age, we can see that this would result from the two following contingencies; firstly, from the young, during a course of modification carried on for many generations, having to provide

resemble each other much more closely than do the adults,— just as we have seen with the breeds of the pigeon. We may extend this view to widely distinct structures and to whole classes. The fore-limbs, for instance, which once served as legs to a remote progenitor, may have become, through a long course of modification, adapted in one descendant to act as hands, in another as paddles, in another as wings; but on the above two principles the fore-limbs will not have been much modified in the embryos of these several forms; although in each the embryonic fore-limb will differ greatly from that in the adult. ↑ Whatever influence, moreover, long-continued use or disuse may have had in modifying the limbs or other parts of animals, this will chiefly or solely have affected them when mature and when they had to use their full powers ... to gain their own living; and the effect thus produced will be transmitted to the offspring at a corresponding mature age. Thus the young will not be modified or will be modified in a less degree.

In other cases .. successive variations may have supervened at a very early period of life, or the steps may have been inherited at an earlier age than that at which they first occurred. In either case, as we have seen with the short-faced tumbler, the young or embryo would closely resemble the mature parent-form. And this is the rule of development in certain whole groups or sub-groups, as with cuttle-fish, land-shells, fresh-water crustaceans, spiders, and some members of the great class of insects. .. .. .. With respect to the final cause of the young in these groups not passing through any metamorphosis, ... we can see that this would follow from the .. following contingencies; namely, from the young ... having to provide