Origin of Species Variorum

what a multitude of flowers have their anthers and stigmas fully exposed to the weather! If an occasional cross be indispensable, ↑ notwithstanding that the plant's own anthers and pistil stand so near each other as almost to insure self-fertilisation, the fullest freedom for the entrance of pollen from another individual will explain the above state of exposure of the organs. Many flowers, on the other hand, have their organs of fructification closely enclosed, as in the great papilionaceous or pea-family; but these almost invariably present beautiful and curious adaptations in relation to the visits of insects. So necessary are the visits of bees to many papilionaceous flowers, that ... their fertility is greatly diminished if these visits be prevented. Now, it is scarcely possible for insects to fly from flower to flower, and not to carry pollen from one to the other, to the great good ... of the plant. Insects act like a camel-hair pencil, and it is .. sufficient, .. to ensure fertilisation, just to touch with the same brush the anthers of one flower and then the stigma of another; ... but it must not be supposed that bees would thus produce a multitude of hybrids between distinct species; for if ... a plant's own pollen and that from another species are placed on the same stigma, the former is so prepotent that it .. invariably and completely destroys, as has been shown by Gärtner, the influence of the foreign pollen.

When the stamens of a flower suddenly spring towards the pistil, or slowly move one after the other towards it, the contrivance seems adapted solely to ensure self-fertilisation; and no doubt it is useful for this end: but the agency of insects is often required to cause the stamens to spring forward, as Kölreuter has shown to be the case with the barberry; and .. in this very genus, which seems to have a special contrivance for self-fertilisation, it is well known that, if .. closely-allied forms or varieties are planted near each other, it is hardly possible to raise pure seedlings, so largely do they naturally cross. In numerous other cases, far from self-fertilisation being favoured, there are special contrivances which effectually prevent the stigma receiving pollen from its own flower, as I could show from the works of .. Sprengel and others, as well as from my own observations: ... for instance, in Lobelia fulgens, there is a really beautiful and elaborate contrivance by which all the infinitely numerous pollen-granules are swept out of the conjoined anthers of each flower, before the stigma of that individual flower is ready to receive them; and as this flower is never visited, at least in my garden, by insects, it never sets a seed, though by placing pollen from one flower on the stigma of another, I raised plenty of seedlings. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Another species of Lobelia, which is visited by bees, seeds